BIO 252 FINAL EXAM(2024 Latest Update)Accurate 100%(EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW FULL SOLUTIONS PACK!!!!)EXAM BUNDLE

skeletal muscle - ANSWER A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones. Location of skeletal muscle - ANSWER in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin Excitability - ANSWER ability to respond to stimuli Conductivity - ...

Peripheral Nervous System has 2 divisions - ANSWER Sensory Division and Motor Division Sensory Division - ANSWER Somatic Sensory Visceral Sensory Motor Division - ANSWER Somatic Motor Visceral Motor Rectus Abdominis functional group - ANSWER Somatic Motor Pain Receptor in skin functio...

long bones - ANSWER bones of the arms and legs (longer then they are wide) Diaphysis - ANSWER shaft of a long bone Periosteum - ANSWER A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles. compact bone - AN...

regions of the spinal cord - ANSWER cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral ulnar nerve - ANSWER nerve to upper limbs sacral plexus - ANSWER nerve plexus associated with the lower lumbar and pelvic region conus medullaris - ANSWER cord tapers to a point inferior

Central Nervous System - ANSWER "general" of the body; integration of sensory input and origin of motor responses • brain • spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System - ANSWER body; sensory input and motor output • nerves • sensory receptors • motor neurons sensory receptors - ANSW...

CNS - ANSWER consists of the brain and spinal cord; processes information and determines if and how the body should respond by issuing commands to muscle and gland cells PNS - ANSWER a subdivision of the nervous system that is composed of all nerves and ganglia; divided into sensory and motor div...

Using the example of membrane polarization, the concentration gradient of potassium is ___________ and the electrical gradient for cation movement is ______________. - ANSWER out of the cell. . . . . .. into the cell. In general, negative feedback loops best correlate with - ANSWER mechanisms to ...

Matrix, Ground Substance - ANSWER Extracellular Fluid Histiology - ANSWER The study of tissue and how they are arranged Squamous - ANSWER thin, scaly cells Fusiform - ANSWER Elongated, with a thick middle and thin ends, like in smooth muscle lumen - ANSWER internal space of an organ E...

The _________ phase of gastric secretion is stimulated by food-related sensory input (smell, sight, taste, etc) A) Celiac B) Gastric C) Cephalic D) Intestinal E) Pancreatic - ANSWER C) Cephalic Which of the following stimulates parietal cells to increase HCl production? A) Pepsin B) Gastri...

pulmonary circuit - ANSWER The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the tissues and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit - ANSWER Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the tissues via the systemic circuit Heart size and loc...

what does the circulatory system consist of? - ANSWER heart, blood vessels, and the blood what does the cardiovascular system refer to? - ANSWER heart and vessels what is hematology - ANSWER the study of blood what is the fundamental purpose of the circulatory system? - ANSWER ~transport su...

Parts of ECM - ANSWER protein fibers (along with elastic fibers and reticular fibers) GAG help retain water in skin proteoglycans trap salts and ions glycoproteins help attach cells to ECM collagen fibers - ANSWER provide resistance to longitudinal tensile/pulling forces. compression ...

Sensory vs. Perception - ANSWER For perception to happen, the sensory signals much reach the cerebrum Adaptation - ANSWER The ability to no longer perceive sensations due to prolonged exposure Sensory receptors/Nerve Endings are categorized by: - ANSWER Distribution, location, and type Free...

Anatomy - ANSWER The study of structure Physiology - ANSWER The study of function Function... - ANSWER Follows form Homeostasis - ANSWER How the varied components of living things adjust to maintain a constant internal environment that makes possible optimal functioning. We have a balanced ...

Describe the cells of the bone tissue - ANSWER -Osteogenic cells -Osteoblasts -Osteocytes -Osteoclasts What membrane lines the internal canals and the small cavities of the compact and spongy bones? - ANSWER Endosteum What is the periosteum composed of? - ANSWER -Dense irregular connective ...

A band - ANSWER middle of sarcomere; has thick and thin filaments I band - ANSWER at the ends of the sarcomere; have thin filaments Z discs - ANSWER separates one sarcomere from the next

Schwann cells - ANSWER produce myelin in PNS, one of the 6 types of neuroglia. Uniporter - ANSWER A carrier protein that transports a single molecule across the plasma membrane. antiporter - ANSWER A carrier protein that transports two molecules acrss the plasma membrane in opposite directions...

Free Nerve Endings - ANSWER pain, temperature changes, tickle and itch Encapsulates Nerve Endings - ANSWER touch, pressure, vibration Special Sensory Cells - ANSWER used to create special sensory reception Tactile Free Nerve Endings - ANSWER itch, tickle

Meninges - ANSWER Three layers of connective tissue in which the brain and spinal cord are wrapped Dura Mater - ANSWER Outermost layer of the meninges Arachnoid Mater - ANSWER Middle layer of the meninges Pia Mater - ANSWER Innermost layer of the meninges Which layer of the meninges in i...

presynaptic neurons - ANSWER can form synapses with a post synaptic neuron axosomatic - ANSWER Interaction between axon and some (or cell body) axoaxonic synapses - ANSWER Interaction between axon of one neuron and the axon of another axodendritic - ANSWER interaction between axon and dendr...

Summarize the differences between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems with regards to these factors: neurotransmitters, number of fibers, myelination, effectors, effect - ANSWER Somatic- Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter, one nerve fiber, myelinated all the way, skeletal muscle is the effe...

Epimysium - ANSWER Connective tissue layer surrounding muscle organ Fasicles - ANSWER Muscular subunits that contain muscle cells. Coated by parimysium Muscle Cell - ANSWER Coated by endomysium Sarcolemma - ANSWER muscle cell cytoplasm Unique characteristics of muscle cells - ANSWER High...

Where does the spinal cord begin? (top) - ANSWER Medulla Oblongata What is between C3 and T2? - ANSWER Cervical Enlargement What is between T9 and L1? - ANSWER Lumbar Enlargement Spinal nerves exit the vertebral column through the ________________ ________________ - ANSWER Intervertebral Fo...

How are the amino acid-based and the steroid hormones different from each other (e.g. chemical properties; transport in the blood; interactions with target cells)? - ANSWER Amino acid hormones: water soluble, unbound in blood, short duration effect, needs second messenger to send signal to nucleus f...

What do you think would happen if the elastic fibers in tissues were distensible but not elastic? - ANSWER This would cause the tissues to be unable to resume their original shape and size once the stretching forces were removed. Predict what would happen if the tight junctions in blood vessels w...

Rostral - ANSWER towards the forehead Caudal - ANSWER toward the tail or spinal cord reticular formation - ANSWER a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal reticular activating system - ANSWER Located in the upper brain stem; responsible for mainte...

You are a nurse and obtain the results of the complete blood count (CBC) from your patient below. Which of the following organs may be functioning abnormally? Select all that apply: RBCs: low Hemoglobin: high Hematocrit: slightly low A. Kidney B. Spleen C. Bone - ANSWER A. Kidney B. Spleen C...

3 Major parts of the cardiovascular system - ANSWER - blood - heart - blood vessels blood - ANSWER carries important "stuff" through the body • stuff = amino acids, glucose, vitamins, oxygen, CO2, etc. Composition of the Blood - ANSWER - 55% plasma → fluids, proteins, nutrients - 45%...

cardiocytes - ANSWER contractile cells of the heart desmosomes - ANSWER attach cardiocytes together. When one cell contracts, the other will not separate. Think of them like glue between the cells. Connected via gap junctions Electrical and chemical coupling The heart muscle acts as a single ...

Endomysium - ANSWER thin sleeve of loose connective tissue around each fiber Perimysium - ANSWER thicker layer of connective tissue that wraps fasicles fascicles - ANSWER bundles of muscle fibers wrapped together Epiysium - ANSWER surrounds entire muscle

The sympathetic division: A. Is always inhibitory B. Is always stimulatory C. Is usually under conscious control D. Generally opposes the actions of the parasympathetic NS E. both a and d - ANSWER D. Generally opposes the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system Which event does not ta...

Liver - ANSWER produces bile for fat emulsion pancreas - ANSWER produces digestive enzymes. Accessory organ of the digestive system that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland components of bile - ANSWER minerals, bile pigments, bile acids (salts), phospholipids, cholesterol hepatic sinuso...

Where would you expect to find dense regular elastic connective tissue? - ANSWER aorta What do you expect brown fat to produce low levels of given the cell's role in thermogeneration? - ANSWER ATP Where would you expect to find Fibrocartilage? - ANSWER Between the femur and tibia of the knee ...

Anatomy - ANSWER The study of structure Physiology - ANSWER The study of function Homeostasis - ANSWER Adjusting to maintain a constant internal environment that makes possible optimal functioning 4 General Types of Tissue - ANSWER 1. Connective 2. Muscular 3. Nervous 4. Epithelial Organ...

chondrocytes - ANSWER cartilage cell tension - ANSWER force needed to stretch or change something compression - ANSWER to press or squeeze together torsion - ANSWER the twisting of a bodily organ

Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland. It is both lipid and water-soluble. Knowing that gene X transcription is repressed in response to melatonin secretion, we can safely assume that: - ANSWER We cannot tell which receptor binds to melatonin, as both membrane-bound and intracellular c...

3 most important functions of the urinary system - ANSWER Regulate total body water, ion concentration and acid-base balance How does the urinary system make urine - ANSWER By filtering the blood and pulling out the excess waste products What 2 hormones does the urinary system make - ANSWER Er...

chondrocytes - ANSWER -responsible for calcification of cartilage matrix -mature chondroblasts -die after calcification bc cannot receive nutrients via diffusion tension - ANSWER -pulling from both sides -collagen fibers provide resistance to these forces compression - ANSWER -pushing from...

20. Describe the location of the cardiovascular control center and how the autonomic nervous system can modify heart rate - ANSWER 21. Draw a diagram of a normal electrocardiogram tracing. Name the individual waves and intervals, and indicate what each represents with regard to electrical and co...

Olfactory - ANSWER Number: 1 Type: Sensory Function: Sense of Smell Optic - ANSWER Number: 2 Type: Sensory Function: Vision Oculomotor - ANSWER Number: 3 Type: Motor Function: Raise eyelids, move eyes, regulate the size of pupils, focus of lenses. Troclear - ANSWER Number: 4 Type: Mo...

Myocyte - ANSWER Muscle cell Sarcolemma - ANSWER Plasma membrane of myocyte Sarcoplasm - ANSWER Cytoplasm of myocyte Myofibril - ANSWER Tightly packed filament bundles found within skeletal muscle fibers. Contractional unit of a muscle cell. Sarcoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER Site of calciu...

Ingestion - ANSWER Taking food into the GI tract Digestion - ANSWER Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food Absorption - ANSWER Nutrients released by digestion enter blood and lymphatic vessels; passing the end products from the lumen into the blood and lymph Propulsion - ANSWER Moving fo...

Explain the functional divisions of the nervous system. Include the subdivisions of each. - ANSWER Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System - CNS includes the brain and spinal cord - PNS includes autonomic and somatic nervous systems Are thermoreceptors part of the PNS or CNS? - AN...

Function follows _____________ - ANSWER Form Afferent = - ANSWER Sensory Efferent = - ANSWER Motor Two divisions of the sensory nervous system: - ANSWER Somatic and visceral What does the somatic nervous system control? - ANSWER skin, skeletal muscles, joints What does the visceral ne...

Chemical energy derived from the fixation of carbon by photosynthesis and chemosynthesis is known as _______ production. gross secondary net primary - ANSWER primary The total amount of photosynthesis is referred to as gross photosynthetic production (GPP). net photosynthetic production...

endocrine system - ANSWER Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. what is the endocrine system composed of - ANSWER endocrine glands hormones of the endocrine system are synthesized where? - ANSWER in the glands...

What are the three types of muscle tissue? - ANSWER Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth What are characteristics of skeletal muscle? - ANSWER Striated, voluntary, multinucleated, somatic nervous system control What are characteristics of smooth muscle? - ANSWER Non-striated, involuntary, uninucleate...

astrocytes - ANSWER support and brace neurons and blood vessels, regulate ECF environment of CNS, formation of blood brain barrier, and repair damaged brain tissue oligodendrocytes - ANSWER insulator of CNS neurons- myelinates neurons microglia - ANSWER "immune cells" of CNS; clean up enviro...

When compared to a classic lever system, the synovial joins our musculoskeletal system play the role of the______. - ANSWER fulcrum Which of the following events will occur when depolarizing graded potentials reach the membrane of the axon hillock, causing it's membrane potential to reach thresh...

Arctic ozone dent - ANSWER Area of stratosphere over arctic region where ozone concentrations are low Climate change - ANSWER Directional change in climate over a period of 3+ decades Greenhouse effect - ANSWER Warming of the earth by gasses in atmosphere that absorb and rereadiate infrared en...

CNS - ANSWER brain and spinal cord PNS - ANSWER Cranial nerves and spinal nerves (nerves and sensory receptors) somatic nervous system - ANSWER division of PNS skeletal muscles (muscles attached to our bones). Diaphragm is somatic because it is skeletal but it is inside the body. autonomic...

central nervous system - ANSWER brain and spinal cord motor output make decisions Peripheral nervous system - ANSWER nerves sensory receptors sensory input integration chemoreceptors - ANSWER inside the body also give us input Somatic Sensory Afferent - ANSWER skin, skeletal muscle, jo...

Is skeletal muscle always attached to bone? - ANSWER no, example is the tongue the sliding filament theory - ANSWER -sufficient evidence to prove theory -upon stimulation, the myosin heads bind to actin and sliding begins -thin filaments slide past thick ones -Z-disc becomes shorter -heads wi...

What are the essential components of an experiment? - ANSWER -Reproducible -Reliable -Control -Well designed variables What is selective permeability? - ANSWER Not all substances pass through a membrane with equal ease. What is betacyanin and where is it found? - ANSWER It is the red pigme...

kidney functions - ANSWER filter plasma and excrete toxic metabolic wastes; regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity via water output; regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance; secrete erythropoietin; regulate Ca2+ homeostasis and bone metabolism by participating in synthesis of calcitriol;...

functions of the male reproductive system - ANSWER produce gametes (sperm) synthesis of androgens (males sex hormones) delivery of sperm into the female reproductive tract accessory male reproductive glands - ANSWER seminal vesicles prostate bulbourethral glands testes are external because...

digestive tract (aka GI tract) - ANSWER Covering an internal lumen (which is actually "outside" the body) The disassembly line of our body accessory digestive organs - ANSWER Teeth, pancreas, assisting in mechanical and chemical digestion Which of the following best describes the role of t...

What happens in homogenization? - ANSWER The plasma membranes of cells can be ruptured so that the cell contents are released. What are the 4 commonly used homogenization procedures used? - ANSWER High-frequency sound (ultrasound) Mild detergent to make holes in the plasma membrane Force ce...

Which of the following is not considered a region of the spinal cord? Sacral Thoracic Pelvic Cervical - ANSWER Pelvic The spinal cord is housed in what structure? The skull The ribs The vertebral canal The pelvic bowl - ANSWER The vertebral canal An image of a cross section of the ...