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Summary The Civil Rights Movement from 1945 to 1974 in the USA
Concise notes concerning the USA's post-war Red Scare and Civil Rights Movement.
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USAThe Red Scare
Causes
-The Cold War.
Stalin’s takeover of Eastern Europe, 1945-49, USA sent $13 Billion as part of the
‘Marshal Plan’, in order to convince Europe on the virtues of capitalism.
Berlin Blockade, 1948-49, USA sent planes carrying food, coal and medical
supplies to Berlin, NATO formed.
China turning Communist, 1949, the USSRs’ influence expanded further
into Asia, inspiring fear in the USA.
Soviet Nuclear Bomb 1949, this heightened fear of communism in the USA
as it demonstrated their power.
Korean War, 1950, the UN sent a force to Korea to prevent it becoming
communist, inspiring fear.
-Federal Loyalty Boards.
Between 1947-1951, 3 million government employees were investigated,
and 3,000 were fired or asked to resign.
-HUAC.
From 1947, HUAC called 41 writers, producers and directors for
questioning. 19 of them were named communists, 10 refused to answer
any questions and were jailed for one year.
-Hiss Case.
Alger Hiss was a high-profile politician who was accused of being a
communist and leaking secrets to the soviets. Jailed in 1950.
-Rosenberg Case.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were accused of being spies, the Rosenberg
case was in 1951, and they were executed in 1953.
-McCarran International Security Act.
1950, required registration of Communists/Communist organisations,
Communists were unable to work in arms factories.
-McCarthyism.
In 1950, Senator Joseph McCarthy accused 205 members of the state
department of being communist party members, eventually the number
dwindled down to 57.
The ‘scapegoat’ like tactics used allowed the public via the use of the
media to rally against the before unseen enemy.
600 teachers and 1,500 civil servants lost their jobs.
Eventually exposed via ‘See It Now’ and televised accusations of the army.
, Effects
-People lost jobs.
-Widespread hysteria.
-Long-term damage to left wing ideas.
-Cost.
The Civil Rights Movements (1950s)
Causes
-Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896, it was okay for blacks and whites to be ‘separate but
equal’, however, recourses were very far from equal.
-Unprecedented and irrational hatred towards Blacks.
-Blacks were unable to vote, and therefore had very little political representation.
Events/Key Features
-Emmett Till murder
14-year-old African American, lynched in Mississippi in 1955 as woman
claimed she was offended by him.
Publicized example of KKK violence.
-Brown vs. Board
NAACP lawyer proved that Plessy vs. Fergusson was ‘unconstitutional’ in
1954.
However, in 5 southern states, not one of the 1.4 million black school
children attended a racially mixed school until 1960.
Backlash- White Citizens’ Councils had 250,000 members in the South.
450 laws passed to prevent school integration.
-Little Rock
In 1957, the Federal Court ordered that 9 black children must integrate an
Arkansas high school.
Attracted media attention, 1,200 federal troops mobilised by Eisenhower.
72% of white citizens in Little Rock opposed integration, school was closed
then reopened in 1959.
By 1964, only 3% of Black students attended unsegregated schools in the
South.
-Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks went against bus segregation on December 1 st, ‘no’ in
Montgomery 1955.
MIA, (Montgomery Improvement Association) founded on December 5 th,
led by MLK.
SCLC was formed in 1957.
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