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Lecture notes of 13 pages for the course Metabolic Pathways at QMUL

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  • March 5, 2021
  • 13
  • 2020/2021
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By: betulalm • 3 year ago

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Overview of metabolism and revision from basic biochemistry
Learning objectives:

1. Define metabolism, catabolic & anabolic pathways
2. Define the principle characteristics of MP
3. Describe & explain how certain metabolic reaction & thus pathways use ATP to make thermodynamically
unfavourable process favourable
4. Define phosphoryl transfer potential & explain their roles as recurring motif is in metabolism
5. Describe & explain the principle ways that metabolic pathways are regulated.

What need to know for exam?

1. In general: the overall process for each pathway
 What it does
 What does it make
 Where it takes place
 When does it happen
2. In detail: the key regulatory steps within
 Which steps are crucial
 What are they in detail
 How are they regulated

LO1. DEFINE METABOLISM, CATABOLIC & ANABOLIC PATHWAYS

Define metabolism?

 Metabolism:
- The sum total of the chemical that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy,
elimination of waste material
 2 general purposes (thus 2 general classification):
1. To capture energy from the environment and convert it to a form suitable for us (cellular work)
2. To transform groups of organic compounds into 1 another, particularly the transformation of small
organic compounds into macromolecules
 The 2 aspects of metabolism are interdependent; neither can occur without the other
 On one half, cells obtain energy by exergonic breakdown of organic compounds
 On the other hand, a major use of stored energy is the synthesis of macromolecules

Laws of thermodynamics:

 1st law: law of conservation of energy
- Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transferred
nd
 2 law:
- Entropy of any isolated system always increases

Energy capture & storage

Cells isolate energy from the environment by 2 major routes:

1. Phototrophs:
- Green plants and algea capture light energy through photosynthesis
2. Chemotrophs:
- Animal cells and most microorganisms obtain energy by breaking down organic compounds that are high
in chemical energy (particularly sugars & lipids) into products with less chemical energy

, From capture & storage to energy use

 During these degradations, the energy that is released is captured and stored
- The stored energy can be used at a later time to perform cellular work
 The 2nd purpose of metabolism is the conversion of this rather small set of compounds into a larger and more
diversified set of molecules
 Thousands of reactions each catalysed by a specific enzyme, split, join together and rearrange the atoms create
almost everything




Metabolism- complex not random & all dependent on another

 Not random
- Every reaction is part of a larger scheme, each reaction connected to another through metabolic
pathways
- E.g. conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

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