Poverty, Inequality and Inclusive Development in Emerging Economies.
Lesson 1- Lecture notes
• What is inequality? (In)equality is the distribution of consumption/income/assets
across individuals or groups.
• What is poverty? Poverty is deprivation or deficit in/of something.
• What is inclusive growth? Inclusive growth is economic growth that reduces poverty
with or without falling inequality.
• What is the welfare regime? The welfare regime is the set of social policies in place
to support wellbeing.
Poverty line- $1.90- National poverty line for low-income countries, $3.20
Subjective measures- living standards, subjective minimum incomes
Monetary (money) VS non-monetary (what they own/material)
Vertical- individual inequality Horizontal- group inequality
Exploring- Youtube videos
1: That economic growth also depends on quality of human beings and that of being
cultivated through deliberate public policy and social commitment. Kerala was used as an
example, it used to be a very poor state in India whereas now is considered one of the
richest. I agree that its crucial to have intellectual conversations to produce real public
policy that can be used in this world and make a real impact.
2: There is a connection between gender equality and economic growth. Education is
crucial to achieve this. United Nations in Southern Asia was undertaken. To increase women
in education is to implement role model effect (by having more women in professions, for
girls to feel similar and motivated. I agree, as we need to more women to achieve higher
education to enable to work in higher positions to create a domino effect.
3: Inequality is something we face on a regular basis. Depending where you born/lived will
determine a large factor. If you born in a developed economy, you will on average be more
ahead than someone born/lived in Guatemala this is durable inequality. OECD was the
source used. Wealth is unequally held.
I agree that more can be done to reduce inequality among women, to reduce poverty within
nations.
Step 5: Checking
Decide if you agree or disagree with these statements and say why (write 50 words on each
statement).
,• Inclusive growth is economic growth with rising poverty.
Not sure- but I think I agree because with economic growth there is a rise of poverty which
prompts policy makers include more inclusive policies to benefit those that were left out.
• Poverty is the distribution of consumption/income/assets across individuals or groups.
I disagree, poverty is when a group has been exploited by the rich or have not had access to
basic necessity such as hospitals, education and food.
• (In)equality is the deprivation or deficit in/of something.
I agree, because once you have a reduction in something then that means someone has gained
what you’ve lost which increases inequality among individuals. This increases poverty.
• Poverty always falls with economic growth.
I disagree because most likely countries grow due to FDI, research has proven that majority
of investments are usually in one area/ sector so only some will benefit and most likely the
ones in rural areas will gain no benefit/less benefit. In other terms, poverty still stays the
same.
• Inequality always rises with economic growth.
I agree, not everyone benefits from economic growth there is usually the top group that
benefits from this and take advantage of the less able/poorer individuals. This increases
inequality rates.
Seminar class 1 Notes:
Even you take poverty about money- it focuses on
If you take poverty about health and education, it pushes you to allocation of public spending.
Multi-dimension poverty- a measure of poverty taking into account health, nutrition.
Text references, optional to have bibliography, graphs and figures optional, evidence and
references to the text. Use one country case study, preferably not more than one country per
question.
Lecture 2:
What is social inequality?
Any valued attribute which can be distributed across the relevant units of a society in
different quantities. Attributes include power, knowledge, income, wealth and knowledge.
, Varieties of inequality
1. Opportunity vs outcome
2. Horizontal (e.g. gender) vs vertical
3. Economic/ Material vs non-economic
4. Intersecting inequalities
Exploring:
Summarise the key messages of each video in up to three sentences per video; identify the
evidence (type of data and source) the arguments are based on; decide if you agree or
disagree with the three sentences
Bourguignon: We don’t observe inequality well in big countries. The Gini coefficient is
declining since the 1990’s, surveys becoming weaker.
Lustig: Latin America has been experiencing a decline in inequality in 2000’s looking at
Mexico, it declined right after NAFTA, assuming the link with US. Trends and prospects In
Global Inequality
Step 5: Checking Decide if you agree or disagree with these statements and say why (write
50 words on each statement).
• Global inequality can be measured in multiple ways. I agree due to the fact that there are
many types of inequality therefore it must be measured appropriately. In terms of money,
savings, income property and wealth, connections etc. if it’s just measured financially and in
one way then there would be a limit of understanding we would have.
• Overall, global inequality is falling when we use the Gini Index to measure the latter. Yes,
but I strongly disagree that this is happening in the true world as the rich is continuing
exploiting the poor.
• The fall in global inequality is driven by China.
So & so, this is due to the fact that China has provided many opportunities globally by
allowing many individuals starting their own enterprise and china has pumped many FDI in
many countries globally
• Inequality between countries is rising.
It’s important to note and consider which countries this is referred to, countries such as
Cananada and Venezuala is definitely rising.
What are the three concepts of global inequality?
The three concepts are inequality between countries, inequality within countries, and
inequality between all individuals in the world (Milanovic’s concept).
Is global inequality rising or falling?
