Summary
Summary OCR Geography A Level - GLOBAL MIGRATION Notes + Case Studies
Comprehensive document covering each individual spec point one by one. Includes case studies of Brazil, USA and Senegal.
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GLOBAL MIGRATION1. WHAT ARE THE CONTEMPORARY PATTERNS OF GLOBAL MIGRATION?
1.A. GLOBAL MIGRATION INVOLVES DYNAMIC FLOWS OF PEOPLE BETWEEN COUNTRIES,
REGIONS AND CONTINENTS.
Types of international migrants
Economic – seeking work and social opportunities – most common
Refugees - a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape
war, persecution, or natural disaster.
Asylum seekers - person who flees their home country, enters another country and
applies for asylum, i.e. the right to international protection, in this other country
Circular – intend to return
Transit – passing through, not intending to stop
Seasonal – stay less than a year, migration is regularly repeated
Irregular – breaking migration laws
Forced – war, persecution, environmental factors
Study – students abroad
Current Spatial Patterns
Significant growth in 21st Century
In 2015, 244 million (3.3% of pop) living outside country of origin
Dynamic system – flows of people constantly changing in number, direction of
movement and in demographic and ethnic composition
International migration occurs at different scales – neighbouring countries in Europe
vs between major global regions.
2015 = highest levels of forced displacement globally since WW2
o 15.1 million refugees in 2015, 45% increase in last 3 years
1 in 3 asylum claims were minors. 1 in 4 of these were accompanied.
International Migration
International migrant = person who stays outside their usual country of residence for
at least one year
1 in 35 people is an international migrant
240 million international migrants worldwide
Reasons
o Employment opportunities – majority economically active
o Retirement – large number of retirement age, high UK house prices can
leave cheaply abroad better quality of life
o Family reunification – moving to join relatives overseas
Inter-regional migrant flows
,Europe
Main European gateways = Spain (Western Mediterranean route to Spanish enclaves
Ceuta and Melilla), Greece (Eastern Mediterranean route), Italy (Central
Mediterranean route) and Hungary (Western Balkans)
Most popular destinations = Germany (41%), Sweden, Italy
o Germany has received and granted the most asylum claims
Most popular origins = Syria (45%), Afghanistan, Somalia (conflict ridden)
Majority of migrants enter through Southern and Eastern Europe.
Schengen Agreement = free movement of people in Europe (26 countries)
Europe is experiencing the biggest influx of refugees since WW2
Intra-regional migrant flows
Sub Saharan Africa
There is more migration within Africa than to other regions eg America and Europe
Reinforces increased size of SS migration
Main migration routes = Burkina Faso Ivory Coast, Zimbabwe South Africa, Mali
Ivory Coast
o South Africa and Ivory Coast more developed countries with diversified
economies
o Burkina Faso has highest rates of migration due to extreme poverty rates (45%
below poverty line). Also, unstable government. Actions of Boko Haram Islamic
group.
o Zimbabwe is a main source due to political instability following Mugabe
dictatorship
o Mali has become unstable due to Islamic groups who attacked government
forces
Push factors
o Conflict eg in Syria, Somalia
o Natural disasters and desertification
o Poor economy
o Prone to political instability eg Angola dictatorship
Pull factors
o Geographical proximity – ease of access
o Cultural and linguistic affinities
o Same economic trade group eg ECOWAS – border control is less strict
o Political stability
o Environmental factors eg climate
o Family reunification
EU
, Size of migration flows within EU is explained by Schengen agreement – free
movement of people within EU
Also recent expansion of EU has increased potential number of migrants – 10
countries eg Poland joined in 2004
Overriding motive for migration in EU = economic
o eg Polish migrants UK for better employment opportunities, higher wages
etc
o But also UK migrants Poland – mainly business professionals, potential
business market in Poland is attractive
Intraregional migration also explained by education, retirement, family reunification
and return migration
Lee Migration Model
Migration is caused by push factors (negative factors in source country) and pull
factors (perceived advantages in host country)
Each place possesses attributes which migrant perceives differently according to
characteristics and circumstances
Pull factors
o Economic factors – higher wages, more jobs, better jobs
o Social factors – tolerance eg to religion
Push factors
o Economic factors – low wages, high unemployment rates
o Social factors - Intolerance towards a certain cultural group, active religious
persecution
o Physical factors – natural disasters
Intervening obstacles – factors that make it more difficult for people to move
o Barriers to migration: physicaldistance, fences, rivers, lakes, mountains,
seas, climate. Social health, transport, poverty, cultural factors, language,
sex, religion
Enabling factors – factors that make it easier for people to move
o Money, people smugglers, mobile phone communications, transport networks
Intervening places – places where migrants might stop before reaching their planned
destination
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