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Summary OCR Geography A Level - HUMAN RIGHTS Notes
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HUMAN RIGHTS1. WHAT IS MEANT BY HUMAN RIGHTS?
1.A. THERE IS GLOBAL VARIATION IN HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS.
Human rights = Basic rights and freedoms inherent to all human beings to which all people
are entitled without discrimination
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948
30 statements
Issues with UDHR
Not legally binding
No enforcement component
o Many of the principles have been violated
Not everyone was involved with writing it
Some cultures don’t agree with some of the statements
,Impact of globalisation
Positive and negative
o Positive = enhanced ability of society to work across borders and to promote
human rights
Ideas – more democratic
Comms – problems in other countries can be identified
Transport – easier to flee, sharing of cultures
Trade – better exports, economy grows
o Negative = enabled some organisations to gain power and perpetrate
violations
Transport – more human trafficking
Trade – more forced labour
Technology – revenge porn, up-skirting, trolling
Sustainable Development Goals
Socio-economic development and inequalities in terms of human rights are closely
related
Many development programmes have been developed to improve development with
human rights a priority
Human Rights Norms
Human rights norms = Universally accepted standards of human behaviour based on moral
principles
Ways of living that have been inculcated into the culture of a country over a long
period of time
The foundation of human rights
The UDHR was devised based on the established culture and norms drawn from all
cultures and religions across the world
The statements in the UDHR are accepted as ‘international’ human rights norms
o Human rights are protected by international law
International human rights law sets out the obligations of state
government
By signing international treaties, it is their duty to respect, protect and
fulfil international human rights
Governments that sign treaties have to put into practise domestic
measures and legislation which are compatible with that treaty
Eg UNCRC (UN Convention on the Rights of the Child), CEDAW
(Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against All Women)
, Issues with Human Rights Norms
Majority Muslim countries
o Sharia/Islamic Laws cultural norms are sometimes interpreted as being
different from Western human rights norms
Eg women are inferior in society have to wear hijab etc
o In 1990 45 Islamic countries signed the Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in
Islam which takes into account the role of Sharia Law
FGM
o FGM is practised in 27 countries affecting over 200 million women
o It is an ancient tradition – procedure is carried out by women on women and
even children < 5
o Most countries have banned it but the law is not well enforced
Gender pay gap
Arranged marriages
Child marriages
Male circumcision
Complexity and variation in HR norms
Defining
Listing
Interpretation
Implementation
Enforcement
Omissions
Change over time
Intervention
Intervention = actions of a state, group of states or international organisations in a foreign
territory to end gross violations of human rights. This includes military force, economic
sanctions and the assistance of NGOs
Types of Intervention
Military intervention
Humanitarian intervention
UN intervention
(Non-aggressive, peacekeeping)
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