Lecture notes
Lecture notes psychological criminology (cr6015) Psychology and Crime, ISBN: 9780815369523
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- University Of East London (UEL)
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- Psychology and Crime
further notes on Dr. Emma Davies lecture.
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Pysch theories linked 2 crime societal or macro theories: strain theory (MERTON) – goals not accessible to
all, deviant means to adapt, gang, property crime, adapting to strain through
drugs, alcohol
community or locality theories: Chicago school – zones in cities w new
migrants harbour greatest levels of crime
group or socialisation theories: differential association theory (SUTHERLAND)
– criminal behaviour adapted through exposure to crime – middle class,
fraud, tax evasion
individual theories: biological and personality theories
Mertons strain theory:
Conformist: accept goals of society/standard to attain jobs - 9/5 job, college working,
achieve goal
Ritualist: reject goal but not the standard – will go college and 9/5 job but do not
fulfil goal of earning excess money
Innovator: want to fulfil goal but use different way to reach goal, look for other ways
– take alternate routes to reaching goal (business)
Retreatists: reject goals and means to fulfil them, leave society and engaged w
people who are similar to them,
Rebels: reject society but try change it (political activist)
Criticism of CS:
Theoretical explanations=restricted by limits of positivism
Many ideas=century old/have not been refined over years (not recent, dated)
Concentric ring model=seen to be a special case
The ‘ecologic fallacy’= extrapolating (inducing) causes/explanations @ level of a
single person/area more generally is problematic
Chicago school – zones in cities w new migrants harbour greatest levels of crime
, Chicago school:
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay: (Juvenile delinquency/urban areas (1942)
started Chicago area project
used court records, map linking: address, rate, zone
patterns stable over 30-year period – despite changes of ethnicity
delinquency linked to: pop density, ‘foreign-born’, home ownership /rental values,
welfare payments, health (TB/Mental), infant mortality, crime
delinquency decreased further you move away from city (higher the zone in
transition less crime)
delinquency caused breakdown in ‘biotic balance’ or social disorganisation – not
poverty
social disorganisation= general instability from changing pop and its heterogeneity
cultural transmission=influenced sub cultural theory
how organised is social disorganisation?
Not complete breakdown of society
High levels of organisation in some areas
Life was predictable/rships were fluid
Zone in transition- dislocated from the larger society/took on characteristics of its
own
Community becomes isolated/independent and master institutions of social control
become unable to control the area
Emile Durkheim (migration from rural areas, industrialisation, urbanisation
1. Increased individuality and rebellion, increased crime and deviancy
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