100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Summary Oncology Molecular Biology of Cancer chapter 1-6 £9.56
Add to cart

Summary

Summary Oncology Molecular Biology of Cancer chapter 1-6

 89 views  9 purchases
  • Module
  • Institution
  • Book

This is a summary of Molecular Biology of Cancer chapter 1-6. This is the perfect summary to prepare yourself for the first exam in the Oncology course. It contains figures and detailed explanations. My exam grade was an 8!

Preview 2 out of 29  pages

  • No
  • 1-6
  • April 13, 2021
  • 29
  • 2020/2021
  • Summary
avatar-seller
SUMMARY OF
PECORINO’S MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF
CANCER
Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 What is cancer?

Cancer:
- Group of disease characterized by unregulated cell growth and invasion and spread
of cells from site of origin or primary site to other sites in body.
o Carcinomas: occurring in epithelial cells
o Sarcomas: occurring from mesoderm cells (bone or muscle)
o Adenocarcinomas: occurring from glandular cells (breast)

Hallmarks of cancer:
- Growth signal autonomy:
o Can happen through acquired mutations
- Evasion of growth inhibitory signals:
o Acquired mutations or gene silencing influences this
- Reprogramming energy metabolism:
o Uncontrolled cell division needs more energy and therefore increases of fuel
and biosynthetic precursors by adjusting energy metabolism. Cancer cells
carry out glycolysis, even when oxygen is around.
- Avoiding immune destruction:
o Successful cancer cells may not stimulate immune responses or are able to
interfere with the response to avoid it.
- Evasion of cell death:
o Cancer cells evade apoptotic signals
- Unlimited replicative potential:
o Cancer cells have active telomerase
- Genome instability and mutation:
o By faulty DNA repair
- Tumor-promoting inflammation:
o All tumors contain inflammatory immune cells
o The inflammation can provide growth factors and enzymes to promote
angiogenesis and invasion. It can also produce ROS.
- Angiogenesis:
o Growth of new blood cells
o Usually by altering the balance between inhibitors and inducers.
- Invasion and metastasis:
o Alterations of genome may affect activity or level of involved enzymes to
promote invasion.

, Benign tumors can still be dangerous, because of their location, but are not cancer.

1.2 Evidence suggests that cancer is a disease of the genome at the
cellular level

Carcinogens:
- Can cause cancer by causing alterations to DNA sequence (mutations).
- Inheritable modifications of genome and chromatin structure can play a role in
carcinogenesis

Development of cancer is clonal: all cells in a primary tumor arise from a single cell. Only
one in 1014 cells needs to accumulate enough mutations and then a tumor can arise. This
also explains heterogeneity of tumors, as selection of the fittest plays a role in selecting
mutations. Mutations that do not get repaired continue to the daughter cell.

Processes affecting number of cells:
- Proliferation
- Apoptosis
- Differentiation

Carcinogenesis relies on:
- Oncogenes: a gene that’s mutated to form more or more active proteins and can
ensure tumor formation. A mutation in only one allele is enough. An oncogene can
also be a gene that produces a higher quantity of a certain receptor, so it’ll always be
on and does not require signals.
- Tumor suppressor genes: genes that make proteins who inhibit formation and
growth of tumors. Loss of growth inhibition happens when mutations result in loss of
function. Both of the alleles need to be nonfunctional.

Haploinsufficiency:
- Only one mutated allele can lead to cancer, because one allele only produces half of
what it normally does.

1.3 Influential factors in human carcinogenesis

Chimney sweeps resulted in chronic exposure to soot, which resulted in scrotal and nasal
cancer.

UVB radiation can alter DNA by forming pyrimidine dimers and then cause mutations.

Having children reduces the breast cancer risk for women. Also, age of woman at time of
giving birth and start of menstrual cycle affect cancer risk and so do hormonal contraception
and fertility treatments. Breast cancer risk can be reduced if women were more physically
active.

Kaposi’s sarcoma arises from HPV type 8 infection, usually only in people who have a bad
immune system because of HIV infection.

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller isabella3. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for £9.56. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

52510 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now

Start selling
£9.56  9x  sold
  • (0)
Add to cart
Added