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Summary Unit 3: The Transition to Socialism AQA History revision notes: The Transformation of China £12.49   Add to cart

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Summary Unit 3: The Transition to Socialism AQA History revision notes: The Transformation of China

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Covers Unit 3 of the AQA A-level History Course (The Transformation of China ) I have added and used information from wider reading around the subject to create a document which contains everything you could need for your A-level exam and more. It is organised into subsections, making it easy t...

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  • April 22, 2021
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China
Section 3
Revision
Notes

, SECTION 3: Transition to socialism, 1952-1962
The political development of the PRC
End of 1952:
o Economy had been stabilised
o Some social reform implemented
o Political control of the whole of China by CCP had been consolidated
o Apart from mass campaigns  CCP proceeded cautiously
o Maintaining a united front approach – working with the national bourgeoisie, the peasants,
& the industrial working class

1953:
o CCP leadership announced the PRC = entering a new stage in development
 A transition stage to a socialist society
o It meant that:
 China would go through a period of industrialisation and agricultural development
 With moves towards a growth in collective ownership of land & industry
o New ‘general line’ = said transition would take about 15 years
o Even though it was radical it promised that:
 the united front policy had not been abandoned
 Transition would be a gradual process
- Need for central state planning  following USSR example of the Five-Year Plans in the 1920s


Leadership Issues:
- Even after this ‘general line’ was adopted = some movement for debate at the top
- The party was based on ‘democratic centralism’ = debate allowed up until a final decision was made
by the Politburo – then everyone had to support it
- Mao = special status as the “Great Helmsman” of the party
- But he was still part of a collective leadership
- He couldn’t always impose his will in all circumstances
- He had to argue his case & win support

HOWEVER…

- He had the power to bring the party into line with his views when he faced challenges
o As shown with the Rectification campaign in 1942 in Yenan


The purge of Gao Gang & Rao Shushi, 1953:
- Late 1953 = 1st major purge of leading CCP figures since the establishment of the PRC
- Gao Gang = leading CCP official in Manchuria in 1949
- Held all 4 senior posts within government, the CCP & the PLA

, - Strong power base = regarded as one of the CCP’s rising stars
- 1952 = became head of the Central Planning Commission = responsible for directing the 1 st 5-year
plan
- Gao took Mao’s side in the debate over the pace of change
- He criticised Zhou Enlai & Liu Shaoqi for their more cautious approach
- Believed he had Mao’s backing, so he tried to usurp Zhou’s position within government
- Deng Xiaoping alerted Mao
- Mao used the December 1953 meeting of the Politburo to accuse Gao of ‘underground activities’ &
attempts to build independent kingdoms
- 1954 – Gao committed suicide rather than face humiliation & disgrace
- Rao (his accomplice) was arrested & died in prison 20 years later
- This demonstrated that there were limits for the scope of debate even at the top
- Mao’s position had been further strengthened
- Other CCP leaders = been reminded that the same could happen to them if they oppose him.


The anti-Hu Feng Campaign, 1955:
- Intellectuals in China = uneasy relationship with CCP
- Most intellectuals came from richer families (landlords & bourgeoisie)  due to expensive of
higher education
- Those with university degrees – normally had been educated either abroad or in universities run by
the West
- CCP viewed them with suspicion

BUT…

- They needed educated people’s cooperation if China was to advance economically
- Professionals such as scientists, engineers, doctors, statisticians etc possessed skills essential to a
planned, industrial economy
- Most educated people in China = willing to stay behind & work for the regime
- It offered new opportunities & hope for the future after the corruption of the GMD government

BUT…

- They struggled in this new environment – they had been educated in a tradition of academic
freedom
- New environment = open criticism & freedom of expression = regarded as counterrevolutionary
thought
- Consequences of expressing criticism shown through the case of Hu Feng:
o 1955
o Writer
o Wrote that the CCP’s control over culture had stopped creativity & art
o For this = he was dismissed from the writers’ union
o Charged with being an agent of the GMD
o Imprisoned
o Wasn’t released until 1979
- After this case = a campaign to eradicate ‘Hu Feng elements’ from intellectual life

, - By 1956 = intellectuals had learnt that to express their own opinion = too high a price to pay
- After this = 2000 of Feng’s supporters = criticised & 100 of them were arrested or forced to make
self-criticisms.




Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956 – 1957):
- 1956 = Mao launched a campaign under the slogan  “Let a hundred flowers blossom, let a
hundred schools of thought contend”
- Intellectuals should feel able to openly express their criticisms of the CCP & its policies
- Mao was influenced by a number of factors:
o Wanted to speed up the pace of economic change
 Targets of Five-Year Plan = achieved a year early
 Problems in the attempts to collectivise agriculture
 Growing resistance of peasants
 Facing opposition from within the Politburo in regard to speeding up the pace of
change
 Particularly from Zhou Enlai & Chen Yun
 Looking for support outside the party for his more radical approach

o Thought that Party officials were becoming too alienated from the masses
 Believed greatest danger facing CCP = growing ‘bureaucratism’
 Thought officials = serving the needs of organisations they worked for rather than
the people
 Saw the campaign as another ‘rectification’ movement
 Officials = subject to criticism from outside the party = would need to mend their
ways
 He wanted the criticism to be directed against the party
 Expected an endorsement of himself (didn’t think people would criticise him
personally)

o 1956 – Khrushchev’s Secret Speech  denunciation of Stalin
 Followed by revolts against communism in Poland & Hungary
 Profound effect on politics in China

Opposition to Mao:
- Many leading communists (such as Liu Shaoqi) = afraid that if they encouraged criticism from
outside the party that it would undermine the party & threaten the existence of the regime
- Events in Hungary & Poland = convinced Mao’s opponents in the CCP that China needed more strict
controls over debate – not fewer
- 1956 – without the complete support of the Politburo = Mao unable to get his campaign started
- February 1957 – Mao repeated his ‘Let 100 flowers blossom’ speech – this time spread to a much
wider audience

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