this is a highly detailed document covering a range of topics introducing the reader to neuropsychology. These notes encompass but go above and beyond the detail needed for the psychology of mental health conversion masters.
CONTENTS
part 1........................................................................................................................................... 3
Science Vs psyeudoscience. Facts vs fiction- hemisphere myths............................................3
List several neuromyths and critically appraise them................................................................3
role of ventricles....................................................................................................................... 4
Classical vs cognitive psychology.............................................................................................4
BROADMANNS AREAS...........................................................................................................5
Phrenology- broca and wernicke..............................................................................................5
bilateralisation.......................................................................................................................... 6
Functional specialisation..........................................................................................................6
BRAIN SCANS......................................................................................................................... 6
CT (also called CAT) how it works + pros and cons..............................................................7
MRI how it works + pros and cons........................................................................................7
TMS.................................................................................................................................... 10
the modulartity hypothesis;.....................................................................................................15
concept of Dissociations and double dissociations.................................................................15
anatomy................................................................................................................................. 17
Consequences of brain lesions..............................................................................................17
WHAT IS Object agnosia........................................................................................................18
WHAT IS Orientation agnosia................................................................................................18
WHAT IS Dysarthia................................................................................................................ 19
WHAT IS Hemianopia............................................................................................................ 19
cognitive subtraction............................................................................................................... 19
PART 2...................................................................................................................................... 20
Issues with double dissociation..............................................................................................20
Modularity of processing assumption.....................................................................................21
What does double dissociation actually show.........................................................................21
Single case studies- pros and cons........................................................................................22
Group studies - pros and cons...............................................................................................23
Overall- both have issues.......................................................................................................27
Universality assumption..........................................................................................................28
BLINDSIGHT.......................................................................................................................... 29
, Prosopagnosia....................................................................................................................... 29
Capgras delusion................................................................................................................... 31
Face perception- FFA............................................................................................................. 32
Phonagnosia.......................................................................................................................... 37
Face blindness for familiar vs non familiar (mentioned in week 3)..........................................37
EEG....................................................................................................................................... 39
CNS overview. anatomy/structure of the brain.......................................................................39
LESION.................................................................................................................................. 39
Dichotomania- find his own paper on this...............................................................................39
Extras..................................................................................................................................... 39
PART 3...................................................................................................................................... 40
Why does our brain let us make mistakes?............................................................................40
Irlen overlays- (placed in week 1 myths)................................................................................40
RCT........................................................................................................................................ 40
Counter concept to dissociation- association..........................................................................41
Perception and visual imagery double dissociation................................................................41
Congenital aphantasia............................................................................................................ 42
Testing for deficit.................................................................................................................... 43
Theories of attention and key terms.......................................................................................43
Neuroanatomy of attention and visual processing..................................................................45
NEGLECT.............................................................................................................................. 47
Neglect of awareness- global v local - also see neglect overall for left vs right global v local. 51
Underlying mechanisms of neglect.........................................................................................55
Tests of neglect and assessing neglect..................................................................................55
Type of dissociations within neglect.......................................................................................60
Egocentric vs allocentric neglect............................................................................................61
Personal neglect vs near space (visual array)........................................................................64
Neglect of near (peripersonal) space vs neglect of far (extrapersonal) space........................67
Implicit vs explicit neglect.......................................................................................................69
F Fellinni................................................................................................................................. 70
Perceptual neglect vs representational neglect- working memory..........................................71
Double dissociation ANSOAGNOSIA and neglect..................................................................76
ANSOAGNOSIA..................................................................................................................... 77
, Assessing ANSOAGNOSIA in a clin setting / haemaplegia....................................................79
PART 4...................................................................................................................................... 83
Role of clin neuropsychologist................................................................................................83
LEFT VS NEGLECT CRITIQUE- A MEANINGLESS ENTITY? Halligan & marshall 1992......84
Treatment for neglect............................................................................................................. 85
PART 1
SCIENCE VS PSYEUDOSCIENCE. FACTS VS FICTION- HEMISPHERE MYTHS
Nobel prize -Richard p. Feyman. Physics professor. Shared the concept of science vs pseudoscience. He
believed pseudoscience to follow the apparent precepts and forms of scientific investigation but missing
something essential.
Pseudoscience is often based on some correct premises but derives false conclusions, often geared at financial
gains .i.e. Left vs right hemisphere. Worryingly, it worryingly misleads as it uses the same language as
science. Pseudoscience thrives on the idea that there is always a grain of truth in it. → It is true we have two
hemispheres that do different things→ roger sperry nobel prize 1981
Myths happen because humans seem to have an overwhelming imperative to dichotomised 🡪 he has written a
paper on that
Cognitive neuroscience is evidence-based. Repeated and reproducible checked measures
LIST SEVERAL NEUROMYTHS AND CRITICALLY APPRAISE THEM
- e.g. functional specialisation (does occur within reason but have to bear in mind a large number of
caveats).
- Sperry 1981 looked at functional specialisation of the two hemispheres e.g. The dichotomy left
hemisphere being logical and right being creative is not evidence based. 2 hemisphere myth that
right is more creative and so by stimulating it we enhance our creativity- this concept survived for a
century with no evidence, it was a pseudoscience. corpus callosotomies have been interested in this
regard. The human brain has two hemispheres which carry out different tasks, but the dichotomy left
hemisphere nerdy and right hemisphere creative is not based on evidence. Benjamin franklin- was
right handed, not left as often depicted.
- e.g. we only use 10% of our brain - disproved by functional imaging. Synaptic plasticity of the brain
allows us to learn and improve the capacity of networks.
- e.g. Brain gym
- e.g. mozart effect🡪 more intelligent if we listen to particular music. Mozart 8.8%, minimalist 9%,
silence 3.6% improved performance from his study. Why mozart over bethoven? No evidence
- e.g. irlene overlays
o Neuromyth created by the markets- reading using different colour filters in glasses or
overlays
o Irlen syndrome (aka visual stress)- proposed perceptual disorder causing visual
distortions and illusions interfering with reading ability suggest 12% of pop suffer, 46%
of those with dyslexia suffer
, o Poor studies quality and sponsorship by marketing companies i.,e. Preselection of
benefit, sample and masking issues
▪ Ritchie, della salla & mcintosh 2011- Reading accuracy, speed and
comprehension showed no benefit to using filters in schoolchildren
▪ Kids screened by irlen expert and blinded. Double masked design. Used real
colour, placebo colour, or no colour. Showed no effect. One year later still no
difference.
▪ Non-compliant participants who knew colours put in more effort and improved
slightly- improved of own volition
https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-28/april-2015/interview-dispelling-mind-myths-and-
debunking-pseudoscience- he did an interview on it here
ROLE OF VENTRICLES
Ventricle appearance varied depending on the type of scan. There are four ventricles: two lateral ventricles,
the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle. The lateral ventricles are in the cerebral hemispheres. Each
lateral ventricle consists of a triangular central body and four horns.
Ventricles are filled with CSF, protects brain, feeds brain, carries waste and useful products.
CLASSICAL VS COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
The main questions in Neuropsychology according to the two main traditions of Human Neuropsychology:
Studying the brains of people who have suffered damage informs us about how the brain would work without any
damage i.e. seeing what cognitive functions can be achieved when one region/ component is removed from a
cognitive system. This is referred to as reverse engineering. Infer the function of a region (or cognitive
mechanism) by removing it and measuring the effect on the rest of the system. For example, if damage to a
region disrupts reading but not speaking or seeing, then one might conclude that the region is specialized for
some aspect of processing text.
THE DOMAIN OF CLINICAL/CLASSICAL NEUROPSYCH.
- Location. Group studies
-That functions are disrupted by damage to region X? Addresses questions of functional specialization.
What has happened to the patient to cause these particular symptoms?due to damage to area- this is about
function localisation. understand function from patients with lesions and examining their impairments-
imaging methods useful for accurate lesion localisation and quantification –favours group study methods
THE DOMAIN OF COG NEUROPSYCH
- Cognitive models. Single-case studies.
- don’t mind about the location in the brain, just how it informs cognitive models. 😊 good for detailed
information processing models, and cognitive frameworks – favours single-case studies. Can a particular
function be spared/impaired relative to other cognitive functions? Addresses questions of what the
building blocks of cognition are (irrespective of where they are). Learn about cognitive models and
informs them
what does the pattern of impaired and intact capabilities of the patient teach us about the way the
normal mind and brain work? (Go back to models of cognition and inform them) due to damage in psych
processes which mediate impaired function (learn about cognitive models)
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