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CIE IGCSE Geography notes Theme 3 – Economic development
Theme 3 – Economic development
Table of Content
3.1 Development ................................................................... 2
3.2 Food production ............................................................... 4
3.3 Industry ........................................................................... 8
3.4 Tourism .......................................................................... 10
3.5 Energy ............................................................................ 13
3.6 Water ............................................................................. 17
3.7 Environment risks of economic development ................. 22
1
, CIE IGCSE Geography notes Theme 3 – Economic development
3.1 Development
Development - process of a country becoming more advance
Indicators of development
GNP per capita - total income of a country, including learning from abroad, per head of population
Literacy - % of ppl who can read & write
Life expectancy - average age of ppl in a country are expected to live
Explain why there is a relationship between GNP per capita and life expectancy. (5)
• ↑ GNP ↑ investment in health care
o Better healthcare provided / more doctors, nurses
o Education about preveting diseases from spreading
• Countries with high GNP
o Ppl able to afford good diet → ↓ malnutrition
o Ppl healthier → ↑productivity ↑output
• Low GNP countries → poor sanitation & water supply → die from water borne diseases
Human Development Index (HDI)
Explain why HDI is a useful indicator of development (3)
• It takes into account a variety of factors (GNI per capita, life expectancy & literacy rate)
• Easy to carry out comparisons between countries
Explain why there are inequalities in the levels of development between countries. (4)
• Variations in climate, relief or soil fertility
• Communications/accessibility/transport links
• Presence/absence of raw materials, water supply & ports
• Presence of TNCs
• Varying levels of education
Suggest reasons for the difference in employment structure between LEDCs and MEDCs (4)
• Better education in MEDCs
• Availability/exhaustion of natural resources
• More technology in MEDCs
• Demand for services
• Many people in LEDCs are farmers
Explain why there is a large reduction of the workforce in the primary sector as a country develops. (4)
• Movement of people to urban areas
• People become more educated
• Loss of farmland to urbanisation
• More or better pay, more reliable work in factories/services
Explain why many people in cities in LEDCs work in the informal sector. (3)
• Lack of education
• Quick way to earn cash
• Can work for themselves from a very young age
2
, CIE IGCSE Geography notes Theme 3 – Economic development
Explain why employment structure changes as a country develops. (5)
• Mechanisation of jobs in primary/secondary sector → reduces need for workers
• Some primary industries close coz exhaustion of resources
• Growth of secondary sector as technology improves / globalisation
• Rise in tertiary as education/ skills levels increase
• Demand for services e.g. medical / growth of tourism
Explain why % of population employed in manufacturing industry changes as country develops. (5)
Increases Reduces
• Industrialisation occurs • Mechanisation of jobs in primary/secondary sector → reduces
• Low skill work in factories means many need for workers
ppl are employed • Rise in tertiary as education/ skills levels increase
• Manufactured goods are imported coz cheaper to import than
manufacture
Explain why quaternary industry has become important in countries where economic development is rapid. (4)
• Make large amounts of profit
• Provide info technology services to support other businesses
• Many ppl have skills to be employed in these industries
• Investment in R&D allows other businesses to improve
• Enables innovation to take place
Globalisation - Process in which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected
Explain how the TNC shows evidence of globalisation. (3)
• Has links / factories in many countries
• Many Suppliers/raw materials in LEDCs
• Headquarters in MEDC
Explain why globalisation has occurred. (5)
• ↑ profit
• ↑ mobility of labour and capital due to advance in transportation
• Make trade cheaper and more efficient
• Improved technology eg communications → eg internet / transportation → ↑ efficiency
• Growth of TNCs ↓ national barriers eg European Union
• Cheaper labour and taxes in LEDCs
Describe the benefits and problems of the economic activity for local people.
Adv Dis
• Employment • Loss of farmland or culture
• ↑ standard of living • ↑ traffic
• Improved service provision eg healthcare • Pollutions eg visual, air, sound
• Development of transport network or • ↑ prices
infrastructure • Litter
• Learn new skills
Suggest how the economic activity could damage the natural environment. (4)
• Atmospheric pollution from factory → greenhouse gases → global warming
• Water pollution
• Clearance of natural vegetation → loss of habitat → impact on ecosystem
3
, CIE IGCSE Geography notes Theme 3 – Economic development
Explain why many high technology industries have grown up in newly industrialised countries (NICs). (5)
• Low cost of land & labour
• Highly-skilled workers
• Good transport infrastructure → enables access to global market
• Lower taxes
• Less unions
• Lack of competition
Adv and Dis of tech
Adv Dis
• ↑ efficient • Loss of employment
• ↓ demand & cost of labour • High costs of repairs
• Few skills required • Machines may break down
Case Study - Walmart
Basic info • Name of country: Canada
• Headquarter in USA
• Owns 8000+ shops in many different countries eg UK
+ve impacts • Provides job opportunities eg In Mexico, 150000ppl employed in Walmart
• Donate millions to improve standard of living of local ppl
• Businesses increase for local companies that supply to Walmart eg In Canada, 6000 Canadian
suppliers creates US$10 billion of business every year
-ve impacts • Closure of small local firms coz they struggle to compete with low prices & range of products
Walmart sells
• Evironmentally damaging factories to LEDCs eg China where there're less strict environmental
laws → pollution
• Some companies which supply Walmart have long working hours eg In Bangladesh, some workers
work 80 hrs/week
3.2 Food production
Subsistence farming - producing things on farms for family only
Commercial farming - producing things on farms to sell
Explain why many ppl in LEDCs are subsistence farmers. (3)
• Lack of land, skills, tech, pesticides
• Need to feed their families
• Can't produce enough output for sell
Suggest the likely advantages to a farmer of mixed farming. (3)
• Variety of items to sell
• Easier to adapt to market changes
• Manure from animals used to fertilise crops
• Crop waste can used to feed animals
• Farmer has work throughout year
4
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