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EMPLOYMENT LAW BPP LPC REVISION NOTES 2021 - DISTINCTION LEVEL (86% IN EXAM) £16.49
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EMPLOYMENT LAW BPP LPC REVISION NOTES 2021 - DISTINCTION LEVEL (86% IN EXAM)

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Full set of revision notes from SGS + lectures Includes: - discrimination - wrongful dismissal - unfair dismissal - who is an employee - unfair dismissal and redundancy remedies - TUPE regs - commencing a claim

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  • May 28, 2021
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  • 2020/2021
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EMPLOYMENT LAW REVISION GUIDE

CHAPTER 1: EMPLOYMENT STATUS

SOURCES OF EMPLOYMENT LAW
- Contract law  STARTING POINT
o Sets out fundamental terms of employment relationship
- Common law (domestic legislation)
o Statute has modified the harshness of basic contractual principles to take into account
personal nature of employment
o Redress serious imbalance in employer relationship
- EU legislation and case law

TYPES OF INDIVIDUALS

SELF EMPLOYED CONTRACTOR  “work under a contract for services”
- End-user pays for the service to be provided or the job to be undertaken
- Do NOT benefit from most of statutory protection
- In business on their own account so those to whom they provide their services do not owe them
any obligations

WORKERS  Reg 2. WTR and Reg 1. PTWR
- Elements for worker:
o Personal service  if the individual has an absolute unfettered right to send a
substitute, he is not a worker
o Lack of client/customer relationship
- CANNOT claim unfair dismissal and no benefit of statutory redundancy payment
- Relevant legislation:
o Working Time Regulations 1998
o Part Time Workers Regulations 2000
o National Minimum Wage Act 1998

EMPLOYEE  “works under a contract of service” (s.230 ERA 1996)
 S.230 ERA 1996: ‘an individual who has entered into or works under a contract of employment
 Employees benefit from all protection afforded to workers as well as additional protection:
o Unfair dismissal
o Entitlement to statutory redundancy payment
o Protection under TUPE
o Right to maternity or paternity leave and pay

s.230(1) ERA 1996: employee is not part of an excluded class
 Employees on types of fixed term contracts shorter than 2 years (s.197(3))
 Employees on short term contracts less than 1 month = s.1-7 do not apply (s.198)
 Mariners
 Police (but not prison staff)
 Workers employed offshore


THE FOUR TESTS

Ready Mixed Concrete [1986]  essential basic requirements for an individual to be an employee:
1. The individual must have agreed to carry out the work personally
2. The employer must exercise a sufficient degree of control over the individual
3. There are other provisions that are consistent with a contract of service

,TEST 1: CONTROL TEST

To what degree can the employer control what the individual does and how they do it?

 Number of hours worked
 Which days they work
 Place of work
 Clock in system
 Reporting to the same place of work
 Provision of tools or uniform
 Tax  does the employer pay through PAYE
 Exclusivity  can the employer prevent the person from taking other jobs?

TEST 2: PERSONAL SERVICE TEST

If sending a substitute in his/her place to do the work, is this consistent with the
requirement for personal service?

Fettered (limited) power to appoint substitutes = NOT inconsistent with existence of a contract of
employment
 MacFarlane v Glasgow City Council [2001]  held to be an employee since right to substitute
was fettered

Unfettered (unlimited) power to appoint substitutes = inconsistent with existence of a contract of
employment

Other factors to consider:
 Deciding factor is whether the individual has the right to provide a substitute in any
circumstances or only in limited circumstances
 Whether personal service is the ‘dominant feature’ of the agreement

TEST 3: MUTUALITY OF OBLIGATION TEST

Is there an obligation on the company to provide work and for the individual to perform
work when given it?

Carmichael v National Power Plc [1999]
 Power guides were NOT employees as there was no mutuality of obligation
o Not obliged to accept work when offered
o Parties were merely intimating that work may be offered or that they were open to
invitations to work


TEST 4: ECONOMIC REALITY AND INTEGRATION TEST

Additional factors to be taken into account:
 Does the individual take a degree of financial risk?
 Does the individual profit from sound management of tasks?
 Is the individual paid through PAYE or does he/she provide an invoice for services?
 Who provides the materials and equipment?
 How have the parties described their relationship?
 Is the individual subject to company’s disciplinary or grievance procedure?
 Is the individual paid holiday or sick pay?
 Does the individual wear the uniform of the company and/or appear to the outside world to be
an employee of the company?
 Is the employee ‘part and parcel’ of the company?

,AGENCY WORKERS

Agency Workers Regulations 2010
 From the first day of an assignment, an agency worker must be able to access a hirer’s collective
facilities and amenities and must have access to information about the hirer’s job vacancies
(Reg. 12 and Reg. 13)

 After 12-week qualifying period with same hirer, agency worker will be entitled to same rights to
pay, benefits, rest periods and holidays as comparable employees or workers (Reg. 5)

 Claims an agency worker can bring if regulations are breached (Reg. 17 and Reg. 18):
o Must be brought within 3 months of date of infringement
o ET can award compensation that it considers ‘just and equitable’


CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT COMPLIANCE WITH ERA 1996

Starting work on or after 6 April 2020

WRITTEN PARTICULARS

S.1(1) ERA 1996: when a worker begins employment, an employer must give the worker a written
statement of particulars of employment

S.1(2)(b) ERA 1996: requires the statement to be given not later than the beginning of employment

 Must be provided with written particulars containing information in s.1 ERA 1996 no later on the
date on which employment begins
 Particulars (s.1(3) and (4) ERA 1996) which must be included in same document (s.1(2)(a) ERA
1996)
 Particulars (s.3(1) ERA 1996) which must be included in same document
 Particulars (s.1(4) and s.3(1) ERA 1996) that must be provided but can be referred to in another
document (s.2(2) ERA 1996)  usually in staff handbook

s.4 ERA 1996: if any material changes are made to written particulars, the employer must provide
the worker with a written statement of the changes within 1 month (applies to both employees
before and after 6 April 2020)

Failure to supply particulars or disagreement over particulars = apply to ET (s.11 ERA 1996)
 Under s.12 ERA 1996, ET may:
o Confirm particulars as included or referred to in the statement
o Amend particulars
o Substitute other particulars for them

NB.

Deficient particulars = Tribunal can make an award of compensation between 2-4 weeks’ pay
(subject to statutory cap on weeks’ pay) for failure to provide written statement of employment
particulars – s.38 Employment Act 2002

Compensation is a dependent right which will only arise if another claim e.g. unfair dismissal,
arises as well  PIGGYBACK CLAIM (s.28 Employment Act 2002)

Starting work prior to 6 April 2020
 Only employees were required to be provided with a statement of written particulars
 Apply the law as it was prior to the amendments  extended to all workers and additional
particulars required

, CHAPTER 2: TERMS OF THE CONTRACT AND POST-TERMINATION

EXPRESS TERMS
 Written particulars within 1 month = s.1(1) and (2) ERA 1996
 May include right to:
o Suspend without pay
o PILON clause
o Relocate an employee
o Enforce garden leave
o Vary the contract of employment
o Search an employee
 Examples of express terms:
o Commission on net profits
o Company car
o Bonus
o Maternity and annual leave provisions (more generous than statutory)

IMPLIED TERMS

Sources of implied terms:
1. Statute
o Certain terms protecting employees’ rights are implied into the contract due to the
inequality of bargaining power between the parties
 S.86 ERA 1996: statutory minimum notice
 Equal pay clause implied by legislation
 WTR 1998
2. Custom and practice/past conduct
o A term can be implied into the contract by virtue of the custom and practice at the
workplace/within the industry or by virtue of the past conduct of the employer
3. Officious bystander test
o Where a term is so obvious that both parties would instantly have agreed to it from the
outset, had they been asked
4. Business efficacy
o Where a term is implied to make a contract workable

Duties owed by the employer Duties owed by employees
 To pay  To provide personal service
o If contract is silent, then implied term gives o Personal obligation to perform work
employee right to reasonable renumeration
o National Minimum Wage Act 1998  To work with RS, C & D
o National Minimum Wage Regulations 2015 o Employee must present himself as reasonably
competent to do the job and take reasonable
 To provide work (limited duty) care in the performance of his duties
o William Hill v Tucker [1999]
 Good faith and confidence
 To take reasonable care for the employee’s health o That employee will serve employer faithfully
and safety and not act against the interests of the
o Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 business
o Employee must be honest and not disclose
 To take reasonable care in giving references confidential information
o Duty of care will be owed in the preparation
of the reference  provide fair, true and  To obey lawful orders
accurate reference o Must be within scope of contract
Mutual duty common to both employer and employee

 Mutual duty of trust and confidence
o Requiring an employer to not “without reasonable and proper cause, conduct itself in a manner
calculated or likely to destroy or seriously damage the relationship of confidence and trust between
employer and employee

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