Notes on the Cell Biology topic from the GCSE AQA Biology specification. These notes, alongside exam-style question practice, helped me to achieve a grade 8 in my mocks. These notes do NOT include ANY required practicals, notes of which can be purchased separately.
• Nucleus - controls all activities of the cell
• Cell Membrane - controls what enters and leaves the cell
• Mitochondria - where respiration takes place
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosomes - where protein synthesis takes place
Plant cells ONLY contain:
• Cell well - made of cellulose and supports the cell
• Chloroplasts - contains chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place
• Vacuole - filled with cell sap
• Eukaryotic cells - genetic material contained within the nucleus
• Prokaryotic cells - have a single-loop of DNA
Slimy
Plasmid
Capsule
Loop of
genetic
material
Flagellum
, Specialised Cells
NERVE CELL Dendrites - for connections ROOT CELL - to absorb H2O & mineral ions from
soil
Myelin Sheath - for insulation
Lots of mitochondria -to provide
energy for active transport
Azon - long, conducts
Large vacuole for
electrical impulse in 1
Long hair-like H2O to move in
direction Synapses extension to by osmosis
Nucleus increase surface
Lots of mitochondria -for energy No chloroplast
area (underground so no need)
SPERM CELL - travels towards & fertilises egg XYLEM CELL - transport H2O & mineral ions from
Nucleus - roots to leaves
contains ½
chromosomes Tail - to swim Dead cells
Cell walls
broken down
b/w them =
Lots of mitochondria for swimming hollow tube.
Acrosome - Lignin provides
enzymes to break
support
down outer layer
of egg
MUSCLE CELL PHLOEM CELL - transports products of
Lots of photosynthesis
mitochondria Companion
LIVING cells contain
CELLS - mitochondria
cell wall
broken
down b/w
cells =
sieve
TRANSLOCATION
Glycogen to ‘store’ plates
Special proteins - slide past each other - free movement
energy in form of
making muscles fibres contract of sugars
glucose
One set of chromosomes pulled to one end
Mitosis and the cell cycle
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