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Renewed confrontation and resolution 1980-90 revision powerpoint
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Renewed confrontationand resolution, 1980-90
,TIMELINE
• 1980
• January – USA suspends ratification of SALT II in protest at Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
• November – Right-winger Ronald Reagan elected President of the USA.
• 1981
• January - Ronald Reagan becomes US President
• Wave of strikes in Poland organised by the illegal trade union, Solidarity
• US hostages released by Iran
• 1982
• November – Brezhnev dies, Andropov becomes new Soviet leader
• 1983
• March – Strategic Defensive Initiative announced by USA
• September – South Korean airliner KAL 007 shot down by Soviet Air Force
• October – US troops invade Grenada to depose left-wing government
• 1984
• February – Andropov dies; Chernenko becomes new Soviet Leader
• 1985
• March – Chernenko dies; Mikhail Gorbachev becomes new Soviet Leader
• November – Geneva Summit between Reagan and Gorbachev
• 1986
• October - Reykjavik summit between Gorbachev and Reagan
• 1987
• December – Washington Summit. The INF (intermediate nuclear forces)
agreement is signed
• 1988
• May-June – Moscow summit between Reagan and Gorbachev
• December – Gorbachev announces major reductions in Soviet forces in Europe.
• 1989
• September - First free elections in Poland; Solidarity wins and forms
government. Hungary opens borders with Austria.
• November – fall of Berlin wall, dismantled by crowds. Collapse of communist
regimes in Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria
• December – Malta Summit between Gorbachev and Bush. Collapse of
communist regime in Romania
, Andropov
• Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (15 June 1914 – 9 February 1984) was a Soviet politician and the
fourth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
• Following the 18-year rule of the late Leonid Brezhnev, Andropov served in the post for only 15
months, from November 1982 until his own death in February 1984. Earlier in his career, Andropov
served as the Soviet ambassador to Hungary from 1954 to 1957, during which time he was involved in
the suppression of the 1956 Hungarian Uprising
• He convinced a reluctant Nikita Khrushchev that military intervention was necessary. He is known as ‘The Butcher of
Budapest’ for his ruthless suppression of the Hungarian uprising. The Hungarian leaders were arrested and Imre
Nagy and others executed.
• After these events, Andropov suffered from a ‘Hungarian complex’, according to historian Christopher
Andrew: "he had watched in horror from the windows of his embassy as officers of the hated
Hungarian security service were strung up from lampposts. Andropov remained haunted for the rest of
his life by the speed with which an apparently all-powerful Communist one-party state had begun to
topple. When other Communist regimes later seemed at risk – in Prague in 1968, in Kabul in 1979, in
Warsaw in 1981, he was convinced that, as in Budapest in 1956, only armed force could ensure their
survival".
• Chairman of the KGB from 1967 until 1982.
• Crushing the Prague Spring
• During the Prague Spring events of 1968 in Czechoslovakia, Andropov was the main proponent of the "extreme
measures". "The KGB whipped up the fear that Czechoslovakia could fall victim to NATO aggression or to a coup". At
this time, agent Oleg Kalugin reported from Washington that he gained access to "absolutely reliable documents
proving that neither the CIA nor any other agency was manipulating the Czechoslovak reform movement". However,
his message was destroyed because it contradicted the conspiracy theory fabricated by Andropov. Andropov
ordered a number of active measures, collectively known as operation PROGRESS, against Czechoslovak reformers.
• Investigation of Brezhnev assassination attempt
• After the assassination attempt against Brezhnev in January 1969, Andropov led the interrogation of the captured
gunman, Viktor Ivanovich Ilyin. Ilyin was pronounced insane and sent to Kazan Psychiatric Hospital.
• Suppression of the Soviet dissident movement
• Andropov aimed to achieve "the destruction of dissent in all its forms" and always insisted that "the struggle for
human rights was a part of a wide-ranging imperialist plot to undermine the foundation of the Soviet state”. By the
time he became Secretary General of the Soviet Communist Party in 1982 Andropov had successfully suppressed
dissent in the USSR by a mixture of repression, wide use of psychiatric prison hospitals, and pressure on rights
activists and other dissidents to emigrate from the Soviet Union.
• These measures were meticulously documented throughout his time as KGB chairman by the underground Chronicle
of Current Events, a samizdat publication which was itself finally forced out of existence with its last published issue,
dated 30 June 1982.
• Repression
• On 3 July 1967, he made a proposal to establish for dealing with the political opposition the KGB's Fifth Directorate.
At the end of July, the directorate was established and entered in its files cases of all Soviet dissidents
including Andrei Sakharov and Alexander Solzhenitsyn. In 1968, Andropov as the KGB Chairman issued his order "On
the tasks of State security agencies in combating the ideological sabotage by the adversary", calling for struggle
against dissidents and their imperialist masters
• Abuse of psychiatry for political purposes
• On 29 April 1969, he submitted to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union an elaborated
plan for creating a network of psychiatric hospitals to defend the "Soviet Government and socialist order" from
dissidents. In January 1970 Andropov submitted an alarming account to his fellow Politburo members of the
widespread threat of the mentally ill to stability and the security of the regime. The proposal by Andropov to use
psychiatry for struggle against dissidents was implemented. Andropov was in charge of the widespread deployment
of psychiatric repression since he had headed the KGB. According to Yuri Felshtinsky and Boris Gulko, the originators
of the idea to use psychiatry for punitive purposes were the head of the KGB Andropov and the head of the Fifth
Directorate Philipp Bobkov.
• The repression of dissidents included plans to maim the dancer Rudolf Nureyev, who had defected in 1961. There
are some who believe that Andropov was behind the deaths of Fyodor Kulakov and Pyotr Masherov, the two
youngest members of the Soviet leadership.
• A declassified document revealed that Andropov as KGB director gave the order to prevent unauthorized gatherings
mourning the death of John Lennon.
• Role in the invasion of Afghanistan
• Andropov opposed the decision to intervene militarily in Afghanistan on 24 December 1979. Among his concerns
was that the international community would blame the USSR for this action.
• The invasion led to the extended Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) and a boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympic
Games in Moscow by 66 countries, something of concern to Andropov since spring 1979.
• Role in the non-invasion of Poland
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