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Summary Organic chemistry
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Unit 4Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
Organic compounds are grouped on the basis of the ratio of C:H
atoms and the presence of additional ‘functional’ groups
o A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that
determine the chemical properties of a compound.
o Example : -OH group = alcohol. Alkenes is the C=C carbon to
carbon double bond.
Down a homologous series, because the mass is increasing, we see
a gradation in physical properties – e.g. increases in melting and
boiling points
o DEFINITION: A homologous series = a series of organic
compounds with the same general formula and functional
group but different carbon chain length
DEFINTION: Hydrocarbon = a compound that contains hydrogen and
carbon ONLY
Organic compounds can also be describe as being saturated or
unsaturated.
o Saturated = compound has no carbon-carbon double bonds
(C-C)
o Unsaturated = compound contains one or more carbon-carbon
double bonds (C=C)
Monounsaturated = only one C=C bond
Polyunsaturated = many C=C bonds
,Alkenes
Alkenes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons that contain
a carbon-carbon double bond. The number of
hydrogen atoms in an alkene is double the number of carbon
atoms, so they have the general formula CnH2n.
For example, the molecular formula of ethene is C2H4, while for
propene it is C3H6.
Here are the names and structures of four alkenes:
Alkenes are unsaturated, meaning they contain a double bond.
This bond is why the alkenes are more reactive than
the alkanes.
,Alkanes
The alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons. This means that
they have similar chemical properties to each other and they have trends
in physical properties. For example, as the chain length increases, their
boiling point increases.
The straight chain alkanes share the same general formula:
CnH2n+2
The general formula means that the number of hydrogen atoms in an
alkane is double the number of carbon atoms, plus two. For example,
methane is CH4 and ethane is C2H6.
Alkane molecules can be represented by displayed formulae in which each
atom is shown as its symbol (C or H) and the covalent bonds between
them by a straight line.
Here are the names and structures of five alkane
, Notice that the molecular models on the right show that the bonds are not
really at angles of 90°.
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. This means that their carbon atoms
are joined to each other by single bonds. This makes them relatively
unreactive, apart from their reaction with oxygen in the air - which we call
burning or combustion.
Like other homologous series, the alkanes show isomerism. This means
that their atoms can be arranged differently to make slightly
different compounds with different properties. For example, an isomer of
butane is methylpropane.
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