Lecture notes
Psychology and Health
- Institution
- Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU)
Lecture notes on psychology and physical activity and health
[Show more]
Content preview
Psychological benefits of exerciseExercise motivation Components of motivation:
- Motivation is linked to the health belief model 1. Choice of exercising or not
- People make decisions based on beliefs, expectations and 2. Persistence - consistency
values 3. Maintenance - consistency
- People take part in exercise because they belief good 4. Intensity - being able to vary intensity of exercise to obtain most
health will result benefit
Health Related Quality of Life: usually thought of as functional ability. 6 measures: How do you measure these variables?
- Global indices of health - Questionnaires
- Ability to function (physical, emotional, social, cognitive) - SF-36
- Symptoms (physical) - Nottingham health profile
1. Affect: How do you measure affect / emotion / mood state?
a. Polar response i.e. good / bad 1. Questionnaires
b. Affective state = feeling good about a situation 2. Profile of mood states (POMS) = 65 questions – 5
2. Mood possible answers
a. Not based on specific situation - combination of affective states a. Assesses 5 negative mood states: tension,
b. Happy, “down”, irritable depression, anger, fatigue, confusion
3. Emotion b. Assesses 1 positive mood state: vigour
a. Specific feeling from a situation
b. Proud / ashamed
Undertaking regular physical activity has beneficial effects on Mechanisms:
psychological variables 1. Thermogenic hypothesis
Muscle Dysmorphia: condition in which individual believes themselves a. Increase in core temperature
not to be muscular enough: b. Brain areas involved in self-esteem activated at
- Ideal body and physical appearance high temperatures
- Females = weight loss, Males = more muscular 2. Endorphin hypothesis
- Dissatisfaction with muscularity in men increased from 25% to 45% a. Increase in beta-endorphins = positive mood
between 1972 and 1996 b. Increased plasma – what about brain
- Obsessively believes should be more muscular 3. Serotonin hypothesis
- Social exclusion to train, uncomfortable displaying body, poor body a. Reduced serotonin = depression and reduction in
image, aware of health dangers of activities but still undertakes mood
them b. Exercise increases serotonin
Key components of muscle dysmorphia:
Eating Disorders and Exercise
, 1. Anorexia Nervosa - Exercisers may have more risk of suffering from an eating disorder
2. Bulimia Nervosa than non exercises
3. Binge Eating Disorder - People with eating disorders are more likely to be excessive
4. Disordered Eating exercisers than healthy controls
Eating disorders and exercise Exercise Dependence
- Compulsion to exercise, they feel like they - Undertaking excessive levels of exercise that becomes unhealthy
can’t eat unless they’ve exercised a lot - Withdrawal symptoms
- More compulsion = increased likelihood of - Need to exercise to maintain body image
eating disorder
- Particularly when exercise for issues related Exercise dependency may be related to the role of Interleukin-6:
to appearance - Anti-inflammatory cytokine which results in fatigue, anxiety, depression,
- Guilt reduced concentration and sleep
- Missing exercise sessions leads to increased - Overproduction of IL-6 in exercise dependency
likelihood of eating disorder due to internal - Exercise relieves symptoms
pressure to exercise - Management involves educating patients, modifying eating disorder /
behaviour and monitoring
Depression: Symptoms of depression:
- Most common affective mood disorder a. Emotional
- Major depressive disorder, dysthymia, bipolar disorder - Misery
- Incidence of - Apathy
- 4% of males, 8% of females - may be due to males not reporting it as freely as - Pessimism
females - Low self esteem
- Often not treated - less than a third seek help, 90% less than adequate treatment - Inadequacy
- Indecisiveness
Types of depression: b. Biological
1. Unipolar: reactive depression (75%) - Retardation of thought and
a. Not familial and often combined with anxiety action
2. Endogenous depression (25%) - Loss of libido, problems with
a. Genetically inherited depression alternated with mania sleep, loss of appetite
Mechanisms of depression: Exercise and Depression
- Functional deficit of monoamine transmitters: - Most studies on major depressive disorder
serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine - Fewer symptoms in physically active individuals
- Mania caused by excess - Appears to help in all ages
- Very hard to study - Similar effects in males and females
- Pharmacological aids that affect function and - Improvements depend on initial level of depression
uptake influences extent of depression - Mode of exercise does not seem to be important
- Intensity, frequency and duration the same as public health guidelines
Conclusions from research studies on exercise and Negative Psychological Responses
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller polinalobacheva. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £9.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
66475 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now