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Eutrophication
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Corresponding to IGCSE Edexcel Pearson Biology specification (information likely to apply to/cover other exam boards). Highly detailed notes, includes step-by-step methods and examples (where helpful to topic) and annotated diagrams.

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  • August 14, 2021
  • 1
  • 2021/2022
  • Interview
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Class: Biology
Topic: Ecology and the environment
Lesson: Eutrophication


Eutrophication

Eutrophication is the enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients.
 Farmers use natural fertilisers (e.g. manure) and artificial fertilisers (e.g. NPK –
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium) to add mineral to soil.
- Nitrates are needed to make amino acids, used for the building of proteins for
plant growth.
 However, if these fertilisers are washed into streams via the process of ‘leaching’, the
effects may be devastating to aquatic plant and animal life.

Process of leaching

1. Soluble nitrate fertilisers are leached into streams
2. This causes an algal bloom on the surface of the water
3. Sunlight cannot reach the plants below the surfaces, stopping photosynthesis and
resulting in plant death.
4. Aerobic bacteria respire, thriving as they break down the dead organic matter.
5. The water becomes depleted of oxygen, becoming anoxic, leading to the death of the
remaining aquatic organisms.
6. Eventually, the water becomes stagnant, resulting in an anaerobic environment.

N.B. This exact process occurs when raw sewage finds its See “Water pollution by sewage”
way into streams and rivers.

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