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Introduction to Computer Networks
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An Overview of Networks Ethernet, Other LANs, Links, Packets Abstract Sliding Windows IP version 4, IP version 6 Routing-Update Algorithms Large-Scale IP Routing UDP Transport, TCP Transport TCP Reno and Congestion Management Dynamics of TCP Reno Newer TCP Implementations Network Simulati...

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  • September 5, 2021
  • 700
  • 2016/2017
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An Introduction to Computer Networks
Release 1.8.17




Peter L Dordal




January 23, 2016

,
, CONTENTS




0 Preface 3
0.1 Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
0.2 Classroom Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
0.3 Progress Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
0.4 Technical considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
0.5 Recent Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1 An Overview of Networks 9
1.1 Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Data Rate, Throughput and Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Datagram Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6 Routing Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.7 Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.8 Packets Again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.9 LANs and Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.10 IP - Internet Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.11 DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.12 Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.13 Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.14 Network Address Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.15 Some Useful Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.16 IETF and OSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.17 Berkeley Unix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.18 Epilog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.19 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2 Ethernet 39
2.1 10-Mbps Classic Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2 100 Mbps (Fast) Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.3 Gigabit Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.4 Ethernet Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.5 Spanning Tree Algorithm and Redundancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.6 Virtual LAN (VLAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.7 Epilog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

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, 2.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

3 Other LANs 65
3.1 Virtual Private Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.2 Carrier Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.3 Token Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4 Virtual Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.5 Asynchronous Transfer Mode: ATM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.6 Adventures in Radioland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.7 Wi-Fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.8 WiMAX and LTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.9 Fixed Wireless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.10 Epilog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.11 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

4 Links 105
4.1 Encoding and Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.2 Time-Division Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.3 Epilog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

5 Packets 117
5.1 Packet Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.2 Packet Delay Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.3 Packet Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.4 Error Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.5 Epilog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

6 Abstract Sliding Windows 131
6.1 Building Reliable Transport: Stop-and-Wait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.2 Sliding Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.3 Linear Bottlenecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.4 Epilog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

7 IP version 4 151
7.1 The IPv4 Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7.2 Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
7.3 Special Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
7.4 Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
7.5 The Classless IP Delivery Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
7.6 IPv4 Subnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
7.7 DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
7.8 Address Resolution Protocol: ARP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.9 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.10 Internet Control Message Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.11 Unnumbered Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177


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