Contents
Motivation and emotion ................................................................................................................................................. 3
MOTIVATION .................................................................................................................................................................. 3
The diversity of human motives.............................................................................................................................. 4
hunger ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Motivational Theories and Concepts ...................................................................................................................... 6
The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: .................................................................................................................... 6
Incentives................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Approach and avoidance motives ........................................................................................................................... 7
The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors ............................................................................... 7
Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity ............................................................................................................... 8
Types of motive .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Achievement Motivation ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Motivational conflicts ............................................................................................................................................... 12
Motivation based on human needs: a humanist approach....................................................................................... 13
Emotion ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Emotions are: ........................................................................................................................................................ 15
Pankseppian Affective Neuroscience .................................................................................................................... 16
The amygdala and fear ............................................................................................................................................. 17
Emotion: the other side of motivation cont. ......................................................................................................... 17
The Elements of Emotional Experience .................................................................................................................... 17
Theory of Constructed Emotion ................................................................................................................................ 18
Emotional Expression............................................................................................................................................ 18
Proposed “Universal” emotions ............................................................................................................................ 18
Barrett Theory: Experience of Emotion ................................................................................................................ 19
Culture and the Elements of Emotion ....................................................................................................................... 19
Cultural Differences .............................................................................................................................................. 20
Gender & Emotional Expression ........................................................................................................................... 20
Body Language ...................................................................................................................................................... 21
Theories of emotion ................................................................................................................................................. 22
James-Lange ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Cannon-Bard ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory............................................................................................................................... 23
Evolutionary Theories ........................................................................................................................................... 24
Emotional appraisal .............................................................................................................................................. 24
Facial feedback hypothesis ................................................................................................................................... 24
A contemporary model of emotion ...................................................................................................................... 24
Happiness ............................................................................................................................................................. 24
Subjective Well-Being ........................................................................................................................................... 25
1
,Anger, aggression & reconciliation ....................................................................................................................... 26
Breaking the cycles of aggression: The psychology of reconciliation .................................................................... 26
Culture and emotion ............................................................................................................................................. 26
Happiness ............................................................................................................................................................. 27
2
, MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
Why do we do what we do? Do we do it because it is satisfying? Because it makes us happy?
Can you see why Motivation and Emotion might be linked in a single section?
- Both words come from the Latin ”Movere” which means “to move”
- Move my rear end to do something or feeling emotionally moved by a very happy or
very sad story.
- Up to this point we have focused on how people receive, integrate and store and access
information. It is now time to give some thought to why we choose to pay attention to
one stimulus and not another, why do we choose to process or recall certain
information?
MOTIVATION
In the past, motivation was related to bodily needs, while emotions were related to mental
needs. More recently it has been acknowledged that this separation is artificial.
“Motivation initiates, sustains and directs thinking and behaviour”
Theories of motivation are concerned with why people perform some actions rather than
others and what causes them to persevere with this action
▪ Basically we can define emotion as the set of processes that arouse, direct and maintain
behaviour toward attaining some goal
- an energising force that stimulates arousal, direction and persistence of behaviour.
Motives are the needs, the wants, interests and desires that propel people to act.
▪ Some motives are rooted in our biological and basic emotional structures while others
are learned and reflect our cognitive abilities.
▪ We will try to think of these in terms of universally accepted theories but remembering
that local context may affect the way that these theories manifest in a specific time or
culture.
3
, THE DIVERSITY OF HUMAN MOTIVES
Motivational theorists of all persuasions agree that humans display an enormous diversity of
emotions. With the notable exception of the evolutionary theorists, most would distinguish
between biological and social motives
HUNGER
Bodily needs are based on the need for organisms to maintain
In the past, researchers
homeostasis or internal equilibrium.
defined motivations as
▪ The body has certain set levels for its own temperature,
processes that help us
blood pressure and so on, and it will create internal tension
take care of our bodily
to push a person to act to help maintain the homeostasis.
needs, while emotions
were referred to as
In terms of a person’s behaviour, the state of internal tension (low
processes that help us
blood sugar) will push the organism into action (getting food) with
take care of our mental
the goal of reducing the tension.
needs and challenges.
▪ Incentives also come into play here.
More recently, there has
▪ Incentives provide a ‘pull’ value to a goal.
been a better
understanding that this
Early thoughts about tummy rumbles – Gastric cues
separation is artificial, and
▪ You might think it is just your stomach feeling empty. A.L.
that motivations and
▪ Hunger and other motives are regulated by the hypothalamus.
emotions are inextricably
The lateral hypothalamus acts as an ‘on switch’ and the
linked
ventromedial hypothalamus as an ‘off switch’.
4
Motivation and emotion ................................................................................................................................................. 3
MOTIVATION .................................................................................................................................................................. 3
The diversity of human motives.............................................................................................................................. 4
hunger ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Motivational Theories and Concepts ...................................................................................................................... 6
The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: .................................................................................................................... 6
Incentives................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Approach and avoidance motives ........................................................................................................................... 7
The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors ............................................................................... 7
Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity ............................................................................................................... 8
Types of motive .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Achievement Motivation ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Motivational conflicts ............................................................................................................................................... 12
Motivation based on human needs: a humanist approach....................................................................................... 13
Emotion ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Emotions are: ........................................................................................................................................................ 15
Pankseppian Affective Neuroscience .................................................................................................................... 16
The amygdala and fear ............................................................................................................................................. 17
Emotion: the other side of motivation cont. ......................................................................................................... 17
The Elements of Emotional Experience .................................................................................................................... 17
Theory of Constructed Emotion ................................................................................................................................ 18
Emotional Expression............................................................................................................................................ 18
Proposed “Universal” emotions ............................................................................................................................ 18
Barrett Theory: Experience of Emotion ................................................................................................................ 19
Culture and the Elements of Emotion ....................................................................................................................... 19
Cultural Differences .............................................................................................................................................. 20
Gender & Emotional Expression ........................................................................................................................... 20
Body Language ...................................................................................................................................................... 21
Theories of emotion ................................................................................................................................................. 22
James-Lange ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Cannon-Bard ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory............................................................................................................................... 23
Evolutionary Theories ........................................................................................................................................... 24
Emotional appraisal .............................................................................................................................................. 24
Facial feedback hypothesis ................................................................................................................................... 24
A contemporary model of emotion ...................................................................................................................... 24
Happiness ............................................................................................................................................................. 24
Subjective Well-Being ........................................................................................................................................... 25
1
,Anger, aggression & reconciliation ....................................................................................................................... 26
Breaking the cycles of aggression: The psychology of reconciliation .................................................................... 26
Culture and emotion ............................................................................................................................................. 26
Happiness ............................................................................................................................................................. 27
2
, MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
Why do we do what we do? Do we do it because it is satisfying? Because it makes us happy?
Can you see why Motivation and Emotion might be linked in a single section?
- Both words come from the Latin ”Movere” which means “to move”
- Move my rear end to do something or feeling emotionally moved by a very happy or
very sad story.
- Up to this point we have focused on how people receive, integrate and store and access
information. It is now time to give some thought to why we choose to pay attention to
one stimulus and not another, why do we choose to process or recall certain
information?
MOTIVATION
In the past, motivation was related to bodily needs, while emotions were related to mental
needs. More recently it has been acknowledged that this separation is artificial.
“Motivation initiates, sustains and directs thinking and behaviour”
Theories of motivation are concerned with why people perform some actions rather than
others and what causes them to persevere with this action
▪ Basically we can define emotion as the set of processes that arouse, direct and maintain
behaviour toward attaining some goal
- an energising force that stimulates arousal, direction and persistence of behaviour.
Motives are the needs, the wants, interests and desires that propel people to act.
▪ Some motives are rooted in our biological and basic emotional structures while others
are learned and reflect our cognitive abilities.
▪ We will try to think of these in terms of universally accepted theories but remembering
that local context may affect the way that these theories manifest in a specific time or
culture.
3
, THE DIVERSITY OF HUMAN MOTIVES
Motivational theorists of all persuasions agree that humans display an enormous diversity of
emotions. With the notable exception of the evolutionary theorists, most would distinguish
between biological and social motives
HUNGER
Bodily needs are based on the need for organisms to maintain
In the past, researchers
homeostasis or internal equilibrium.
defined motivations as
▪ The body has certain set levels for its own temperature,
processes that help us
blood pressure and so on, and it will create internal tension
take care of our bodily
to push a person to act to help maintain the homeostasis.
needs, while emotions
were referred to as
In terms of a person’s behaviour, the state of internal tension (low
processes that help us
blood sugar) will push the organism into action (getting food) with
take care of our mental
the goal of reducing the tension.
needs and challenges.
▪ Incentives also come into play here.
More recently, there has
▪ Incentives provide a ‘pull’ value to a goal.
been a better
understanding that this
Early thoughts about tummy rumbles – Gastric cues
separation is artificial, and
▪ You might think it is just your stomach feeling empty. A.L.
that motivations and
▪ Hunger and other motives are regulated by the hypothalamus.
emotions are inextricably
The lateral hypothalamus acts as an ‘on switch’ and the
linked
ventromedial hypothalamus as an ‘off switch’.
4
