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Summary SPS5034 research-design-lecture-091017
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- SPS5034 Research Design
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- University Of Glasgow
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lOMoARcPSD|6106013Notes Research Design Lecture 09.10.17
Research Design (University of Glasgow)
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Research Design Lecture – 09.10.2017: Measurement.
Units, Cases, Observations.
Units are the same as the unit of analysis, and has the same meaning as cases. ‘Units’ more
often used in quantitative research. ‘Cases’ as a term is used more often in qualitative
research. For instance, if you were doing a study which tried to ask, ‘How can teachers teach
effectively after being physically assaulted?’ The teachers are the units, or cases, of analysis.
The ‘How’ – i.e. which methods - are the variables.
Forms of Data Collection:
Formal testing (i.e. academic or intelligence tests)
Interviewing.
‘Global Ratings’ (Likert scales – ‘1-5; when 1 is love it and 5 is hate it’.).
Obtrusive Observation: the method of observation might affect the nature of the
observations. This is not ideal but in many cases cannot be avoided.
Unobtrusive Observation: observation from a distance. This is better but often, as in
ethnographic studies, impossible.
Validity: low systematic measurement error; accurate; unbiased.
Reliability: low variance; precision; low unsystematic measurement error.
Assessing Reliability
Test/Retest reliability: the measurement is nearly identical after some time has passed.
Split-half reliability: indicators split into two disjoint groups, which return the same values or
measurements.
Alternate-form reliability: check congruence of different indicators for the same construct at
different times.
Inter-rater reliability: do different researchers reach the same observations? I.e. do ‘the
different raters’ reach the same conclusion?
All of these can make more or less sense in different research contexts.
Assessing Validity
Criterion validity: check if another way of collecting data would lead to the same results.
Concurrent validity: measures are taken at the same time.
Predictive validity: measures taken at different times. Example: Co-Authorship networks in
the social sciences (see slides).
Three types of Validity:
Internal: Refers to ability of research design to rule out rival hypotheses.
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