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Lecture notes

Psychology Notes - biological basis of behaviour

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Psychology Notes - biological basis of behaviour Complete set of notes for biological basis of behaviour module - 2nd year psychology students

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  • December 14, 2021
  • 13
  • 2021/2022
  • Lecture notes
  • Ian mclaren
  • All classes

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Biological Basis of Behaviour Week 2

Lecture 4.1 and 4.2

Part 1: instrumental learning

Contents:
• History – a brief recap
• What is instrumental/operant conditioning? A closer look at the basics


Early Work:
• Animal psychologists were studying instrumental learning before Pavlov’s work became
known:
– They used Small mazes (rats in scaled-down Hampton Court maze),
– Thorndike used his puzzle boxes)

Maze:




Here is a maze originally used to study instrumental learning. The problem is that it is not geared to
studying the learning process itself, although it is impressive that the animal can learn to do it.

, Thorndike’s puzzle boxes
Thorndike’s puzzle boxes were
better for this purpose. The
animals had to escape by
performing the correct response
once they were placed in the box.
On the next slide you can see how
they did.




How animals in Thorndike’s boxes escaped the box:
If you look at any of the graphs (which are for individual cat subjects) you can see that they learn to
escape, and generally get faster over trials:


We have a good demonstration of instrumental learning here.




Instrumental Conditioning
Thorndike analyzed his findings and came up with the Law of Effect: If a response by the animal is
followed by reward, then the association between the stimuli present and that response is
strengthened. This is often called S-R learning.

The concept that followed is the S->R reflex. When the animal encountered a certain discriminative
stimulus S then it emitted the response R. Reinforcement establishes the link between S and R.

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