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Summary Dermatology physiology and pathology
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Discusses the normal anatomy and physiological function of the skin. Details all the common dermatological skin conditions (autoimmune, blistering, infection and atopic conditions), for each condition the clinical presentation, investigations and management are provided. Essentially a whistlestop ...

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  • December 31, 2021
  • 26
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

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Skin physiology

Contains three layers:

1. Epidermis: keratinocytes (squamous epithelial cells)

2. Dermis: connective tissue, vessels

3. subcutaneous fat

Stratum Basalis:

contains stem cells that can
regenerate keratinocytes

Stratum Spinosum:

This contains cells with spines, the
spines are formed by desmosomes.
Desmosomes are connections
between keratinocytes.

Stratum Granulosum:

Cells contains keratohyalin granules,
which are used to form keratin
filaments.

Stratum Lucidum:

Clear layer of dead skin cells

Stratum Corneum:

Anucleated cells

Cells are filled with keratin filaments.
(tough outer layer of skin)



Skin physiology 1

, Dermis:

Contains blood vessels (unlike
epidermis)

Connective tissue




Skin lesions:
Primary lesions:

Directly caused by disease

Macules, papules, vesicles and bulla

Secondary lesions:

modification of primary lesion, or
caused by trauma/external factor

Scale, crust, erosion, fissure and
ulcer



Primary skin lesions:
Macules and Patches:

Flat lesions (not raised)

Macule < 1cm

Patch > 1cm



Papules and Plaques:

Raised lesions

Papule < 1cm

Plaques >1cm



Skin physiology 2

, Maculopapular rash:

Collection of macules (flat) and
papules (raised) lesions

Sometimes described as Morbilliform
(looks like measles)

Common in:

Drug rash

Scarlett fever

Measles

Syphilis

Rubella



Vesicles and Bulla:

Fluid filled lesions (blisters)

Vesicle < 1cm (chicken pox)

Bulla > 1cm (bullous pemphigoid)



Pustule:

Pus filled vesicle

Normally contains a white centre




Secondary skin lesion:
Scale:

Secondary lesion




Skin physiology 3

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