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Edexcel IGCSE (9-1) Chemistry Textbook

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This is a PDF file for the Edexcel IGCSE (9-1) Chemistry Textbook. It contains notes and questions for the Chemistry syllabus topics and many questions for you to revise for your IGCSE exams

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  • February 10, 2022
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  • 2019/2020
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EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL GCSE (9-1)




Jim Clark
Steve Owen
Rachel Yu

,Published by Pearson Education Limited, 80 Strand, London, WC2R OAL. Examiners will not use endorsed resources as a source of material for any
CONTENTS iii I
assessment set by Pearson. Endorsement of a resource does not mean that
www.pearsong1obalschools.com the resource is required to achieve this Pearson qualification, nor does it mean
that it is the only suitable material available to support the qualification. and
Copies of official specifications for all Edexcel qualifications may be found any resource lists produced by the awarding body shall include this and other
on the website: httpsJ/qualifications.pearson.com appropriate resources.

Text O Pearson Education Limited 2017 Pic ture Credits
COURSE STRUCTURE iv
Edited by Lesley Montford The author and publisher would hke to thank the following individuals and
Designed by Cobalt id
Typeset by Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK
Original illustrations O Pearson Educalion Limited 2017
organisations for permission to reproduce photographs:

(Key: b·bottom; c-centre: I-left; Night; Hop)
ABOUT THIS BOOK vi
Illustrated by O Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK
Cover design by Pearson Education Limited
Cover photo O NASA
123RF.c om: 851, 157tr, 167tr, Gregory Bruev 293c, Scandal 277cl, unlim3d
164c; Alamy Stock Photo: Aurora 16311, 264bl, Bon Appetit 28511, Trevor Chriss ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW viii
81b, Ashley Cooper 305tr, Cultura Creative 163br. 167tl, Phil Oegginger 911,
The rights of Jim Clark, Steve Owen and Rachel Yu to be identified as authors of OJC 165cl. Opa picture alliance archive 288bl. Robert Gilhooly 16411, LGPL/ Ian
this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988.
Cartwright 157cl, Nikos Pavlak.is 145tr, David Taylor 193-18.61, World History
Archive 30tl, Zoonar GmbH 306br; Fotolia.com: Chungking 9811, Grinchh 17bl,
UNIT 1: PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY 2
Arpad Nagy-Bagofy 302c, Satit &ihin 290cl; Ge tty Images: In Pictures / Corbis
First published 2017 / Gideon Mendel 223b, Miguel Malo 14511, NASA / National Geographic 2r,

20191817
PaulFleet 20811, TASS/ Maxim Grigoryev 122b; Nature Picture Library: Nature
ProducHon 235; Pearson Educatio n Ltd: Oxford Designers & Illustrators Ltd
UNIT 2: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 122
1098765432 1 305tl: Science Photo Library Ltd: 130bl. 165c. 180, 193-18.81, 193-18.101,
235bl, 241,Andrew Lambert Photography 20c, 5411, 57b, 13Dtr, 132r, 141tr,
British library Cataloguing in Public ation Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
142d, 1951, 195br, Caia Image 2871, Caro\ and Mike vvemer 254c, Martyn F
ChiUmaid 4411, 70c. 123tr, 124cl, 12711, 141cr, 155br, 162c, 170cl, 175tr, 177b,
UNIT 3: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 206
1B0bl, 182, 18411. 1g1bc, 192bl, 1g3cr, 193br, 1g4c, 207b. 215cr, 240bl, 284bl,
1SBN9780435185169 294bl, 30211, Crown Copyright/ Health and Safety Laboratory 190tc, Phil
Degginger 209bl, Fundamental Photos 149bl, GIPhotoStock 168, 169bl, 186b, UNIT 4: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 254
Co pyrig ht n otice 193-18.91, 227-20.2tc, Gusto Images 611, Mikkel Juul Jensen 75c, MARTYN
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any fofrn or by F. CHILLMAIO 182, 207b, Alfred Pasieka 263cl, Lea Paterson 25511, PATRICK
°'
any means ~ncluding photocopying storing it in any medium by electronic means
and whether 0< not transiently Of' incidentally to some other use of this publication)
WALLET / EUREUOS 3001, Volker Steger 302tr, David Taylor 193-18.71, Trevor
Clifford 101tr, UIG / Oor'king Kindersley 232U, Char1es O Winters 64tr, 89tr, APPENDIX A: PERIODIC TABLE 320
without the written permission of the copyright owner, except in accordance with 131br, 1321, 18311, 24611, 306; Shutterstock .com: 160cr, 272c, Aivolie 461,
the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of Anastasios71 137tr, Galyna Andrushko 173tr, ArtisticPhoto 98tr. H E Benson 311,
a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Barnards 1nn, 86 Fetter Lane,
London EC4A 1EN (www.cla.co.uk). Applications for the copyright owner's written
8itt24 282tr, Sinisa Bolas 271cl, Sheni R. Camp 227tl, Checubus 237, Marcel
Clemens 36cl, Oaizuoxin 303br, Dashu 268c, Oemarcomedia 35cl, Dencg 14tc,
APPENDIX B: COMMAND WORDS 321
permission should be addressed to the publisher. Docent 310bl, Dr.OGA 255, Everett Historical 206c, Extender_01 8211, Mike
Flippo 164b, Peter H ermes Furian 82bl. Jiri Hera 94cl, IM photo 68tl, JPC Prod
Printed by Neografia in Slovakia 297t. Anan Kaewkhammul 269tr, KOEdesign 9411. Jatupom Khuansuwan 56c,
Ktsdesign 381, llya Malov 227-20.31, Musicman 271br, Mylisa 14tr, Romanova
APPENDIX C: A GUIDE TO PRACTICAL QUESTIONS 322
Endorsement Statement Natali 24br, Oleg1969 24bl, Palmaria 307b, Werayuth Piriyapomprapa 2721,
In order to ensure that this resource offers high-quality support for the associated
Pearson qualification, it has been through a review process by the awarding body.
This process confirms that this resource fully covers the leaching and learning
Vadim Ratnikov 272b, Remedios55 94cr, Albert Russ 160cl, Aygul Sarva.rova
305tc, Scanraill 95d, Jeff Schultes 227tr, Sam Strickler 255tr, Kuttelvaserova
Stuchelova 67tl, Mary Terribeny 273bc, Dave Turner 125bl, VanHart 3tr, Ventin
GLOSSARY 328
content of the spe<:ification or part of a specification at which it is aimed. It also 36tl, XXLPhoto 273tc, Ron Zmiri 156cr
confirms that it demonstrates an appropriate balance between the development
of subject skills, knowledge and understanding, in addition to preparation for Co ver images: Front: NASA INDEX 336
assessment.
Inside front cover: Shutterstock.com : Dmitry Lobanov
Endorsement does not cover any guidance on assessment activities or processes
(e.g. practice questions or advice on how to answer assessment questions), All other images C Pearson Education
included in the resource nor does it prescribe any particular approach to the
teaching or delivery of a related course. Neither P earson, Edexce l nor the authors take respo nsibility for the safety
of any activity. Before doing any practical activity you are legally required to
While the publishers have made every attempt to ensure that advice on the carry out your own risk assessment. In particular, any local rules issued by
qualification and its assessment is accurate, the official specification and your employer m ust be obeyed, regardless of what is recommended in this
associated assessment guidance materials are the only authoritative source resource. Where students are required to write their own risk assessments they
of information and should always be referred to for definitive guidance. must always be checked by the teacher and revised, as necessary, to cover any
issues the students may have over1ooked. The teacher should always have the
Pearson examiners have not contributed to any sections in this resource relevant to final control as to how the practical is conducted.
examination papers for which they have responsibility.

, COURSE STRUCTURE COURSE STRUCTURE




UNIT 1 UNIT 3
PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
STATES OF MATIER 03 19 ENERGETICS 207
2 ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES 14 20 RATES OF REACTION 227
3 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 24 21 REVERSIBLE REACTIONS AND EQUILIBRIA 240
4 THE PERIODIC TABLE 30
5 CHEMICAL FORMULAE, EQUATIONS AND CALCULATIONS PART 1 38 UNIT 4
6 CHEMICAL FORMULAE, EQUATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS PART 2 64 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
HIW11%t4'1!1£1 22 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 255
7 IONIC BONDING 75 23 CRUDE OIL 268
8 COVALENT BONDING 85 24 ALKANES 277
9 METALLIC BONDING 98 25 ALKENES 282
Hll!i'il~ihtHIFI 26 ALCOHOLS 281
10 ELECTROLYSIS
HIW&ihAn/lW
101 HMNihW!IW
27 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 293
HMNihA'i!IFI
UNIT2 28 ESTERS
HMNihW!IW
291

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 29 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS 302
THE ALKALI METALS 123
12 THE HALOGENS 130
13 GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE 137
14 REACTIVITY SERIES 145
15 EXTRACTION AND USES OF METALS 160
Hll!1'1i~ihA•lilW
16 ACIDS, ALKALIS AND TITRATIONS 167
17 ACIDS, BASES AND SALT PREPARATIONS 173
18 CHEMICAL TESTS 190

, PREFACE . PREFACE vii i

ABOUT THIS BOOK Key Points boxes
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Looking Ahead tells you
what you would learn
if you continued your
study of Chemistry to
a higher level, such as
This book is written for students following the Edexcel International GCSE (9-1) Chemistry specification
sum marise the
essentials.
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and the Edexcel International GCSE (9-1) Science Double Award specification. You will need to study all of ··:
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the content in this book for your Chemistry examination. However, you will only need to study some of it if g-•bl.•bo•"-

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you are taking the Double Award specification. The book clearly indicates which content is in the Chemistry
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clear, instructional
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need to study the Physics and Biology parts of the course. , .>H- ---o.,goQ



In each unit of this book, there are concise explanations and worked examples, plus numerous exercises
Extension boxes include
content which is not -N---.
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required practicals.
The language throughout this textbook is graded for speakers of English as an additional language (EAL),
and which you do not
have to learn for your
examination. However, it
will help to extend your
------
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-----
...,.

______
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with advanced Chemistry-specific terminology highlighted and defined in the glossary at the back of the
book. A list of command words, also at the back of the book, will help you to learn the language you will
understanding of the
topic.
------- Practicals describe the
methods for carrying out

....__.,__. _ ~.........-..
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all of the practicals you
need in your examinations. will need to know for
your examination.
You will also find that questions in this book have Progression icons and Skills tags. The Progression icons • :::,.uo.ttl _ _ ,.... • ...,...._....
refer to Pearson's Progression scale. This scale - from 1 to 12 - tells you what level you have reached
in your learning and will help you to see what you need to do to progress to the next level. Furthermore,
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course. The skills in the grid have been matched to questions in this book to help you see which skills
you are developing. Both Skills tags and Progression icons are not repeated where they are same in
consecutive questions. You can find Pearson's Progression scale and Edexcel's Skills grid at
www.pearsonglobalschools.com/igscienceprogression along with guidelines on how to use them.
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applies to Double Award
students.


Leaming Objectives
show w hat you will learn
in each chapter.
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Chapter Questions test your
knowledge of the topic in that
chapter.
Progression icons show the level of
d ifficulty according t o the Pearson
International GCSE Science
Unit Questions test your knowledge
of the whole unit and provide
quick, effective feedback on your
Progression Scale. progress.

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