A comprehensive digital summary of all of module 5 section 3 (Animal Response) from Biology OCR A level. Includes questions, out of spec knowledge, and labelled diagrams. It includes ALL the definitions you need to know for this chapter. The document is well formatted to ease studying, and the fla...
Describe smooth -Not striated
-Spindle shaped muscle cells each
(involuntary) muscle containing a nucleus (uninucleate)
-Peristalsis, dilation/constriction of
(striated, structure, pupils, vasoconstriction/dilation
functions + -Innervated by autonomic NS
-Contraction is slow but muscle
additional info.): (x5) slow to tire
Describe cardiac -Striated
-Muscle cells form fibres with several
(involuntary) muscle nuclei (multinucleate)
-Sarcolemmas fuse to form intercalated
(striated, structure, disks
-Responsible for heartbeat (myogenic)
functions + -Innervated by autonomic NS
-Contracts continuously + powerfully
additional info.): (x6) without fatigue
-Striated
Describe skeletal -Muscle cells form fibres with
(voluntary) muscle several nuclei (multinucleate)
-Movement of skeleton at joints
(striated, structure, (function in antagonistic pairs)
functions + -Innervated by somatic NS
-Contracts quickly + powerfully
additional info.): (x5) but fatigues quickly
-Sarcolemma (plasma
What are the membrane)
specific organelles -Sarcoplasm
found only in (cytoplasm)
muscle cells? (x3) -Sarcoplasmic reticulum
(specialised ER)
, Go through the -AP arrives down motor neurone = causes polarisation =
voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open = Ca2+ enters
presynaptic knob = cause vesicles of ACh to fuse with
events at a
presynaptic membrane
-ACh released via exocytosis + diffuses across synaptic
cleft = bind to receptors on sarcolemma = open Na+
channels = Na+ enter cell = depolarises membrane +
neuromuscular initiates AP
-Depolarisation of sarcolemma spreads down T-tubules
(allow AP through centre of fibre)
-Ca2+ channels open + Ca2+ diffuses out of SR = sliding
junction: (x5) filament theory
-AChE breaks down ACh = recycled
-Motor end plate = where
What is a motor neurone ends + joins
muscle
end plate + a -Motor unit = motor
motor unit? neurone + all the muscle
fibres it connects to
Electro
How can -Pancuronium bromide = competes with
ACh for receptors on sarcolemma =
chemicals block binds to + blocks them = sarcolemma
doesn't depolarise = no muscular
contraction
contraction of a -Action can be reversed = inhibit AChE =
conc. ACh increases = out-competes
muscle? (example) Pancuronium bromide
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