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- PEARSON (PEARSON)
Unit 1- Fundamental of Science This document is the distinction task only
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How standards solutions and titrations are prepared in industry?Standard solutions are made with a known concentration, they are used to find
concentrations of other substances for instance titration. When a standard solution is made
it is important that the substances are measured and transferred to the volumetric flask
accurately and precisely. Standard solutions are used within industries that are prepared by
other companies by an automated system and then delivered to a testing point. To evaluate
the accuracy before the standard solution is used.
The acid titre itself can be used as an standard solution after its concentration has been
found by titrating against a known concentration of alkali solution. Standard solutions can
be used to find chemical species. Different concentrations vary in their absorbance of light
at particular wavelengths, the absorbance has a certain wavelength for various standard
solutions of known concentrations are used. To be able to produce a calibration curve of
absorbance against concentration you used the Beer’s Law. Beer’s Law, A=Ebc, is a
substance’s concentration and its absorbance are directly proportional. For instance, a
high-concentration solution is able to absorb more light, and solution of lower concentration
absorbs less light. Since concentration and absorbance are proportional, Beer’s Law makes
it possible to determine an unknown concentration after determining the absorbance.
Titration is an analytical technique that is commonly used in the food industry. It allows food
manufacturers to find the quantity of a reactant in a sample. For instance, it can be used to
find the amount of salt or sugar in a product or even the concentration of vitamins C or E,
which have an effect on product colour. When undertaking a titration within an industry, the
scientist has a solution with a known chemical makeup, concentration and a sample this is
called a reagent, the scientist may have a brief idea of the sample but needs to know the
concentration of the chemical in the sample. So to find this, a titration is taken place, a
reaction will take place. There are different types of titrations that are taken place within an
industry.
1. An Acid-base Titration
An acid base titration allows to determine the content in an acid e.g hydrochloric acid or a
base e.g sodium hydroxide. In a acid-base titration a reagent is added until the sample
solution reaches a certain pH level. This titration is based on a pH meter or a dye to see the
change in pH. Like litmus paper, the dye will change to a specific color once the correct pH
has been reached.
2. Oxidation-reduction Titration
This type of titration is mainly focused on losing or gaining an electron from the sample to
be able to find what is in the sample. This type of titration can be used find contamination in
drinking water or the concentrations of metals in a solution. For example, wines can be
analysed for sulfur dioxide using a iodine solution that is standardised as the titrant. The
starch is used as an indicator, a blue starch-iodine complex is formed in the presence of
excess iodine, signaling the endpoint.
3. Precipitation Titration
For this titration a reagent is added to an sample to allow the reaction to occur this causes a
solid to precipitate from the sample. This type of titration can help determine how much salt
is in a sample. For example, using the silver nitrate solution as the titrant for the
determination of chlorides and bromides in the presence of potassium chromate indicator.
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