Summary
Summary AQA Alevel geography contemporary urban environments notes
- Institution
- AQA
Includes detail notes of urban chapter with 2 detailed case studies
[Show more]
Content preview
Urbanisation Poppy StoneUrbanisation
Global patterns of urbanisation
Urbanisation- the percentage of people living in towns and cities
Patterns from 1945
In 2008 there was a major landmark as for the first time over 50% of the global population
lived in towns and cities
HIC’s increased at steady rate and changed from 52% of the population being urban to 88%.
It shows that NEE’s have increased rapidly from 20% of the population being urban to 60%.
The LIC’s have also increased quite quickly by 40% from 1950-2050.
Overall there is growth in all regions but the greatest increase was in LIC’s
Patterns as of now
Globally the most urban areas are in North and South America, Australia and the west of
Europe, most of these are HIC’s.
Most of Asia has a 50-75% urban population and most of Africa has 25-50%
There are many cities with 10 million or more in Asia with a couple in South America, Africa
and Europe
Urbanisation
Consequences:
Social-
House prices and rents are a lot higher
Housing shortage
Limit to number of people allowed in education
People in wealthy areas tend to live longer due to better health services
Increased waste and pollution
Technological-
More developed transport networks
Roads become busier and more congested
Economic-
Lack of space to build new homes, schools and hospitals
House prices and rents increased massively
Unemployment is high as so many people move to towns theres not enough jobs
Political-
Increased waste which means landfill sites fill up a lot quicker
Maintenance of infrastructure is limited
Suburbanisation
,Urbanisation Poppy Stone
Suburbanisation- the movement of people from central urban areas to the rural-urban
fringes/suburbs
Push factors:
People might feel tired of living in the city
Cities are overpopulated and crowded
No jobs available
Limited housing available
Higher crime rates
Less green space
Pull factors:
Less pollution and congestion
Retirement
More houses available and cheaper
Better job opportunities
Better education and health services
More open space
Decentralisation- as people move out to the suburbs the jobs follow them which causes a chain
reaction. Edge cities start developing with offices, shops and jobs so core traffic patterns massively
change as more people started commuting out of the main city to all other random directions
Counter urbanisation
Counter urbanisation- the migration of people from major urban areas to smaller urban settlements
and rural areas
Reasons for it:
Less traffic congestion
Less air pollution and noise pollution
Less crime
Better standards of schools
More green space
Effects on small towns:
Changed the character of historic villages by the creation of large sprawling housing
estates on the edge of them
Put great pressure on existing services, parking, roads, shops, petrol stations and
other services
Put more pressure to develop in the village or on the edge of the village
Increase in car use: a large % of the population commutes to cities
Pressure on schools
Rise in house prices and rent prices
Pressure to build more roads
Urban resurgence
Urban resurgence- the return of people and businesses back into central areas
, Urbanisation Poppy Stone
Often driven by regeneration schemes
Population that’s been attracted back:
Young professional people, aged 20 –30 years
Desire to be close to their place of work – avoid the nightmare of commuting
Close to leisure and entertainment centres
Lively atmosphere of the centre of a city, without the traditional inner city problems
Deindustrialisation and the rise of the service economy
Primary industries are classified as those which produce the raw materials for industry. E.g. mining
Secondary industries are the manufacturing and assembly industries. They take raw materials and
manufacture finished products from them. E.g. building and construction
Tertiary industries are service industries and are the area of most growth in the UK. E.g. health
services
Quaternary industries are the newest, most high tech sector of industry. They are the research and
development industries. E.g. computing
Impacts of deindustrialisation
Social Economic Environmental
Unemployment rises Profits increase Factories abandoned and
derelict
Decreases people’s quality Less people pay taxes Less pollution
of life as put out of job
Crime levels increase Sales will increase Increase in brownfield
sights
Inequality increases People made redundant so Government don’t have
has to give more people money to clean so
benefits appearance declines
Local community will Less disposable income as More imports so more
decline as people will move people don’t have money to pollution
away spend- de multiplier effect
Urban regeneration
East Manchester
Located in Salford where most of Manchester's major redevelopment projects have taken
place
Why was the regeneration needed?
There was poor quality infrastructure and environment
There were also high levels of unemployment with 52% of people claiming benefits in
some way
There
There was
was poor
also ahealth with
collapse in the
the chance
housingofmarket
gettingfor
lung cancer
older 3 times
terrace the and
houses UK average due
crime rates
to congestion and traffic pollution
were continuously increasing.
What was done to regenerate the area?
A £24 million investment programme in the Ashton Canal corridor to provide a safe,
attractive and accessible pedestrian route from the city centre to Sport city
A range of high quality facilities are being developed across the area, including a new
primary school, Community Resource Centre
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller poppystone. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £5.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
53340 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now