Summary
Summary Social learning theory explanation of gender
Key factors of gender development described with the relevant research to support each factor
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Gender develops as a result of learning from models as suggested by banduraIdentification and modelling
A child identifies a role model and wants to be like them. The model may possess qualities
the child sees as rewarding. These models can be live (parents and peers) or through the
media. Children observe the behaviour and model it
Research- Bandura
Aims:to investigate is children show imitative learning
Procedure:half the children were exposed to aggressive models and half were exposed to
non aggressive models. Following both conditions, the children were shown toys they
weren’t allowed to play with then they were taken to play in a room with toys and the bobo
doll.
Findings: children who watched aggressive models verbally and physically assaulted the
doll. Those who observed a non-aggressive model didn’t show any aggression.
Conclusion: children learn behaviours through observing role models engage in behaviours
and imitate this.
Parental influence
They show differential reinforcement this means they reinforce gender appropriate behaviour
and don’t enforce gender inappropriate behaviour and may punish it.
Media influence
Enforce rigid gender stereotypes. The media portrays males as independent, directive,
engaging in occupations. Women are portrayed as dependent, unambitious and emotional.
Those who have greater exposure to these gender representations display more
stereotypical gender roles. The media shows vicarious reinforcement of these behaviours
and can explain the rewards of adopting certain behaviours which encourages gender
stereotypes behaviour.
Peer influences
They offer a model of gendered appropriate behaviour. Children look to other children of the
same gender to identify the correct behaviour to perform. Peers provide feedback on what is
acceptable and not acceptable behaviour.
Culture
Gender is learnt as part of the environment and this means we see gender differences
between what different cultures perceive of different genders.
Research to support the factors
Parental influences- Fagot et al
Found parents who showed clearest patterns of differential reinforcement had children who
learnt gender roles the quickest
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