Anti-Biotics
• Broad Spectrum
Kill a wide range of bacteria e.g. Penicillin
• Narrow Spectrum
Kill a specific type or group of bacteria e.g. Isoniazid
Antibiotics work in one of two ways
• Bactericidal
Kills the bacteria
• Bacteriostatic
Prevents the bacteria from dividing
...
Anti-Biotics
Antibiotic is a form of medication which fight bacterial infection.
Antibiotics can be either
• Broad Spectrum
Kill a wide range of bacteria e.g. Penicillin
• Narrow Spectrum
Kill a specific type or group of bacteria e.g. Isoniazid
Antibiotics work in one of two ways
• Bactericidal
Kills the bacteria
• Bacteriostatic
Prevents the bacteria from dividing
Antibiotics kill bacteria or stop their growth, however, they do not work against viruses.
Antibiotics work in one of two ways:
Bactericidal
They kill bacteria by upsetting a process that is needed for them to survive, such as turning glucose
into energy.
Bacteriostatic
Prevent bacteria replicating and circulating – for example, by disrupting the processes bacteria use to
produce new cells, such as growing new proteins.
Effects of Ani-biotics
Beta-lactam
The bacteria build cell walls by linking molecules together, beta-lactams block the process.
It kills the bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis, without this support the pressure inside
the cell becomes overwhelming and the membrane bursts.
Bactericidal
Effects of ani biotics
Macrolides
Prevent bacterial ribosomes also Prevent bacterial protein translation. They then limit the
growth of bacteria by intervening with bacterial protein which then prevents bacteria from
dividing and reproducing.
Bacteriostatic
, Effects of Anti- biotics
Quinolones
Causes DNA strands to break, this then prevents the breaks from being mended. When the
DNA is not intact, bacteria cannot survive. Double-stranded DNA breaks always kill cells.
Bactericidal
Gene Therapy
Gene therapy involves adding a healthy copy of the faulty gene into the cells of the body
where they are needed.
Gene Therapy – the replace of faulty genes by inserting healthy genes
Cystic Fibrosis
• Passed on child from parents if they both pass on the mutated gene.
• The individuals body produces excess mucus which is thick and can be a struggle to remove.
• Respiratory system is affected: Sinuses can become blocked due to thick mucus and build up
of mucus in the lungs causes frequent infections which over a period of type can cause lung
damage and inability of the lungs to function properly. This also leads to them having a
chronic cough
• Nebulisers are used to help remove mucus from lungs.
• Digestive system: thick mucus blocks pancreatic ducts, preventing enzymes entering small
intestines to digest food, which leads to poor absorption of nutrients and loose stools.
• Reproductive system: conceiving may be difficult for individuals with cf as their organs
responsible for reproduction can become clogged with sticky mucus.
(UWHealth).
There is now medication Gene therapies available for cf patients which provides them with the protein
their body is lacking to stop excess mucus production and remove the mucus build up in the body.
With cystic fibrosis it is not as simple as it seems when it comes to gene therapy. Many sufferers have
a slightly different mutation of the fault gene which makes it more of a challenge to find a cure.
However, science has come a long way and there are many gene therapy treatments available to
various patients.
Some gene therapies are given to patients through a nebuliser where the correct gene is inhaled
straight into the lungs in a small pocket. This then enters the lungs of the patients and overtime allows
the correct gene to work and help lessen the mucus and open up the airways for the patient.
Another more recent gene therapy that can work for 90% of CF patients is trikafta, the first triple
combination therapy available to treat patients with the most common cystic fibrosis mutation (FDA).
It helps the protein made by the CFTR gene mutation function more effectively. With the nebulisers,
they mainly target the lungs and help better the respiratory system, however, trikafta targets all the
organs in the body as it is in tablet form and allows the correct protein to reach the organs and take
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Pinkpanther786. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £10.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
