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Unit 11 A2 Learning aim B: Explore how the process of cell division in eukaryotic cells contributes to genetic variation
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Cell CycleGarlic Root Hair Cell
In this practical what was aimed to record the processes of mitosis & meiosis to set the foundations of
for understanding mitosis & meiosis in cells & later understanding the ways it looks from the
microscopes which ensure to understand the process went through to prepare the slides & by doing so
helped to know how to draw scientific drawings aswellas how the cell processes are done in human
cells. The reason why garlic cells was chosen & how what I was aiming at was based upon garlics in
the tips of the roots are actively dividing which is why many cells will be in stages of mitosis,
aswellas the tips can be prepared to make it flattened on microscopic slide so each chromosomes of
the single cells can be observed & so are easily observed.
Introduction-Explain & relate to function
So, the question is that gets answered wrong is why do cells divide? Well, cells divide due the
following reasons which are growth, repair, & reproduction the following of these reasons are that
organisms grow because cells are dividing to produce excess cells which is why we see, cells need to
repair to replace damaged, old, & dead cells especially for mitosis which is where it allows this
process to ensure that this should happen. Also, in reproduction where the cell division helps in the
formation of gametes, where the gametes (sperm & egg cell) combine to form sexually produced off
springs. Cell division is so essential as its needed for everyday life, without it every being will not
survive, so the body are like doctors which help to fix the body.
So, by understanding the basis & the words which highlight these beautiful procedures by
understanding the DNA is condensed into more structured shape like this. This picture shows how
DNA is packaged, where the chromatids are packaged into fully daughter chromosomes, so the
chromatids copies are joined by a protein which is called the centromere. Also, the chromosomes have
telomeres (this is where it protects the ends of the chromosomes from serious problems).
In humans a cell contains 46 chromosomes which is the ideal
because more than that will cause mutations or even less can
cause genetic diseases, but each chromosome has 23 pairs,
exception from sex cells. For that reason, chromosomes have
22 pairs & at least one pair has sex chromosomes like XY
determines that the baby is a boy & XX determines that the
baby is a girl these are called autosomes & by doing this will
determine the sex chromosome of the organism that is created
in sexual reproduction.
, Furthermore, a karyotype is a collection of chromosomes its used to see the individual’s
chromosomes, this helps genetic counsellors can use this to identify if there are any issues that are
found in abnormal numbers the most common would-be chromosomes mentioned below because
these chromosomes get affected a lot which is why these mutations at chromosomes 13 Patau
syndrome, chromosome 18 Edward syndrome, & at chromosome 21 this is where Down syndrome
occurs at.
Chromosomes in meiosis are homologous because the pieces of DNA within a diploid organism can
carry many genes like one from the mother/father because each of their cells have 23 chromosomes
that encode the same genes & the ones that aren’t identical are known as non-homologous the
scientific term known as heterologous where two chromosomes are different from one another.
Edward syndrome
Patau syndrome Down syndrome.
P-arms (Petit) these are the short arms
that face upwards.
Q-arms (Queue) these are the long arms
that faces downwards.
Centromere the point in the middle of
the chromosomes, where the chromatids
are joined together.
Telomeres are the ends of the
chromosome that protects our
chromosomes without DNA strands
getting damaged.
Mitosis & Meiosis – Explain chromosome behaviour
Mitosis is a term that is used in Biology a lot & by understanding what Mitosis is about helps to
broaden our horizon on how mitosis occurs in everyday life. So, what is mitosis? Mitosis is where
cells that divides to produce more cells that are genetically identical to themselves as like a mother
cell divides into two cells known as the daughter cells which are identical in other words where the
DNA of the cells nucleus splits into two equal sets of chromosomes examples are when you cut
yourself mitosis takes place to patch your cut up & where the body heals itself. So, mitosis makes sure
that the daughter cells have full set of chromosomes for development & growth where this cell
division occurs in eukaryotic cells (cells that have a nucleus).
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