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Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide** Select all means the question is a select all that apply **
Module 1
1. What happens during the alarm phase of Hans Selye’s General Adaptation
Syndrome? Generalized stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system resulting in the
release of catecholamines and cortisol, known as fight or flight response.
2. Remember this is the fight or flight stage. What clinical findings would the patient in
the fight or flight stage present with? (Select All)
Includes increased heart rate, increased respirations, diaphoresis, increased blood flow to
muscles, increased muscle strength, increased mental alertness, increased fat and protein
mobilization, increased glucose availability, decreased inflammation, and, Pupils
dilated.
3. The four components of Pathophysiology (Select all)
Etiology- study of causes
Pathogenesis- development/evolution of disease
Clinical Manifestations- signs, syndrome, symptoms
Treatment implications- big picture
4. Prevention and treatment of disease- eg. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Primary- do not have the disease and you are trying to prevent it (vaccines, wearing mask)
Secondary- disease detection (pap smears and physicals)
Tertiary- trying to prevent problems from the disease or problem (rehab)
5. What compounds does the body release during stress?
Cortisol and catecholamines
6. How is fluid between interstitial and intracellular compartments distributed?
Osmosis
7. How fluid is lost or excreted from the body
Urine, feces, and insensible losses (sweat, vomit, and diarrhea)
8. How do we lose fluid from extracellular compartment?
Dehydration (sweat, diarrhea, and vomiting), burns, diuretic meds, kidney failure.
9. What is potential and fatal complication of hyponatremia
(excessive sodium losses or increased water gains) Central Pontine Myelinolysis
10. Priority assessment for a patient with a potassium imbalance.
Heart (ekg)
11. Symptoms of dehydration
Decreased skin turgor, lightheadedness, dizziness, syncope upon standing, flat neck veins
when supine, rapid/thread pulse, confusion, lethargy, absence of sweat and tears, hard stools,
thirst, hypovolemic shock.
12. Cause of edema
Excess fluid in the interstitial space
13. What hormone assist with potassium distribution (I mentioned 2 but I stressed one
main hormone in the webex lecture)
Aldosterone, insulin, epinephrine, and glucocorticoids.
14. Extracellular fluid has higher concentration of which electrolytes/substances (I discussed
2)
Sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
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