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Sassen (2016): The Global City: Strategic Site/New FrontierThe practices that constitute what we call economic globalization and global control: the work of
producing and reproducing the organization and management of a global production system and a
global marketplace for finance, both under conditions of economic concentration. → place and
production process into the analysis of economic globalization. Why? 1) it allows us to see the
multiplicity of economies and work cultures in which the global information economy is embedded.
2) It also allows us to recover the concrete, localized processes through which globalization exists and
to argue that much of the multiculturalism in large cities is as much a part of globalization as is
international finance. 3) Focusing on cities allows us to specify a geography
of strategic places at the global scale, places bound to each other by the dynamics of economic
globalization.
1) The role of production and place in analyses of the global economy.
Globalization can be deconstructed in terms of the strategic sites where global processes materialize
and the linkages that bind them. The geography of globalization contains both a dynamic of dispersal
and of centralization. National and global markets as well as globally integrated organizations require
central places where the work of globalization gets done. This also goes for information industries.
This can also be electronic space.
2) The formation of new geographies of centrality and marginality constituted by these processes of
globalization. The ascendance of information industries and the growth of a global economy, both
inextricably linked, have contributed to a new geography of centrality and marginality. his new
geography partly reproduces existing inequalities but also is the outcome of a dynamic specific to
current forms of economic growth. Financial services produce superprofits while industrial services
barely survive.
Much of what we still narrate in the language of immigration and ethnicity I contend is actually a
series of processes having to do with (a) the globalization of economic activity, of cultural activity, of
identity formation, and (b) the increasingly marked racialization of labor market segmentation so that
the components of the production process in the advanced global information economy taking place in
immigrant work environments are components not recognized as part of that global information
economy. Immigration and ethnicity are constituted as otherness. Understanding them as a set of
processes whereby global elements are localized, international labor markets are constituted, and
cultures from all over the world are de- and re-territorialized, puts them right there at the center along
with the internationalization of capital as a fundamental aspect of globalization.
3) Elements of the formation of a new socio-spatial order in global cities.
The implantation of global processes and markets in major cities has meant that the internationalized
sector of the urban economy has expanded sharply and has imposed a new set of criteria for valuing or
pricing various economic activities and outcomes. This has had devastating effects on large sectors of
the urban economy. It is not simply a quantitative transformation; we see here the elements for a new
economic regime.
These tendencies towards polarization assume distinct forms in (a) the spatial organization of the
urban economy, (b) the structures for social reproduction, and (c) the organization of the labor
,process. In these trends towards multiple forms of polarization lie conditions for the creation of
employment-centered urban poverty and marginality, and for new class formations.
The rapid growth of industries with strong concentration of high and low income jobs has assumed
distinct forms in the consumption structure, which in turn has a feedback effect on the organization of
work and the types of jobs being created. The expansion of the high-income work force in conjunction
with the emergence of new cultural forms have led to a process of high-income gentrification that
rests, in the last analysis, on the availability of a vast supply of low-wage workers.
4) The localizations of the global by focusing particularly on immigrant women in global cities.
The associated socio-economic polarization has generated large growth in the demand for low-wage
workers and for jobs that offer few advancement possibilities. This has occurred amidst an explosion
in the wealth and power concentrated in these cities - that is to say, in conditions where there is also a
visible expansion in high-income jobs and high-priced urban space. Immigrants and women are
important actors in the new informal economies of these cities who absorb the costs of informalizing
these activities. Women gain greater personal autonomy and independence while men lose ground.
Women gain more control over budgeting and other domestic decisions, and greater leverage in
requesting help from men in domestic chores. Also their greater participation in the public sphere and
their possible emergence as public actors.
5) The global city as a nexus where these various trends come together and produce new political
alignments.
Major cities have emerged as a strategic site for both the transnationalization of labor and the
formation of transnational identities. The specific forms of the internationalization of capital we see
over the last
twenty years have contributed to mobilize people into migration streams: regional, national,
transnational.
Large cities around the world are the terrain where a multiplicity of globalization processes assume
concrete, localized forms. If we consider, further, that large cities also concentrate a growing share of
disadvantaged populations - immigrants in Europe and the United States, African- Americans and
Latinos in the United States, masses of shanty dwellers in the megacities of the developing world -
then we can see that cities have become a strategic terrain for a whole series of conflicts and
contradictions.
Werkgroep
Overvalorization: overwaardering, meer financiële waardering / status van bepaald werk. Ander ook
belangrijk werk wordt devalorised (undervalorization) ondergewaardeerd. Sommige banen heel erg
gewaardeerd, andere minder, ookal evt. ‘belangrijker’. Plaats is belangrijk, nog steeds in een
globaliserende samenleving. maar er moet een plaats zijn waar het is, vandaar belang plaats, met
internet. Sommige cities worden global cities. Maar in industriële steden komt er weinig vernieuwing.
en ook verschil hierin tussen wijken. en laagbetaalde banen. ongelijkheid - loopt ook volgens etnische
lijnen.
Overwaardering bepaalde groepen. Nieuwe hiërarchie binnen global cites en industriële cities. Leidt
tot (1) contradicties in globale city, hierdoor ontstaat wrijving. Lage lonen van service workers. Er
, ontstaat een internationaal business milieu voor migranten. (2) bepaalde specialisaties krijgen
erkenning doordat men er veel geld mee kan verdienen. Terwijl: alle functies zijn even belangrijk om
de global economy gaande te houden. Wrijving tussen de kenniseconomie & labor economy.
Informalization: Informeel werk is werk zonder contract (de informele economie). Negatief gevolg is
veel onzekerheid. Positief gevolg is regels omzeilen, geld verdienen.
Transnationalization of not only capital, but also labor: Veel contact tussen verschillende landen. ‘De
Staat’, natiestaat, worden minder belangrijk vanwege de bovenstaande processen. Er ontstaan
meerdere identiteiten, zoals verbinding met stad ipv. land. Gevolg: Mensen die gaan werken in landen
waar ze niet uit komen. Grotere ongelijkheid tussen en binnen steden. Sommige beroepen
overgewaardeerd andere ondergewaardeerd, sommige worden belangrijker in steden bijvoorbeeld wat
allemaal leidt tot ongelijkheid.
Kern artikel: manier waarop wordt gesproken over globalisering gaat alleen over de grote laag van de
economie. Maar het is ook te koppelen aan de onderkant van de economie die direct wordt
veroorzaakt door de overvalorization. ze kijkt naar de globalisering naar de hele samenleving.
Ruimte speelt een rol in hoe onze identiteit tot stand komt. Er wordt vaak over arbeidsmigranten
gesprek als immigranten. maar die moeten anders geanalyseerd worden om het echt te begrijpen.
Om de economie van een land te analyseren moeten arbeidsmigranten meegenomen worden voor
een volledig beeld.
Savini, Boterman, Van Gent & Majoor (2016): Amsterdam in the 21st century: Geography,
housing, spatial
development and politics
In the wake of the global financial crisis, several cities across Europe are questioning the viability of earlier models
of urban policies, which were often built on the optimistic expectation of raising real-estate demand and a growing
urban economy. The recent crisis seems to have provided space for new practices of state neoliberalism.
Neoliberal urbanism: The city has become a battleground where old policies seem to fail in achieving their original
objectives and where these same policies are defined into new models, supported by changing political and social
conditions.
Three aspects of Amsterdam’s social, economic and political position:
1. The city combines a long tradition of social democracy and strong statehood, with entrepreneurial policy trends
Stable social democracy has, on the one hand, resulted in comparatively low levels of segregation and social
dislocation despite emerging trends in the opposite direction.
2. Amsterdam combines a relatively strong economic growth, both nationally and at global scale, with a relatively
compact and planned urban and regional structure.
3. Amsterdam's municipal tax system and land market are very peculiar in comparison to other European and Nor
American cities. Within a nationally centralized fiscal system, Amsterdam largely relies on national tax revenue
and at the same time fosters proactive land use policy to leverage income from targeted urban interventions.
→ Almost the totality of municipal land is owned by the city and leased to users. This provides not only a stable source
income but further allows the local government to directly control land change in order to pursue and implement munic
policies of housing regeneration and economic development.
- A changing social geography: greater ethnic diversity and an upgrading urban core.
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