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What is an open system? Give an example Both energy and matter
can enter and leave an open system - Inputs and
outputs<br><br>Drainage basins are open systems as energy from
sun enters and leaves system. Water is input as precipitation,
and output as river discharge into the sea.
What is a closed system? Give an example <div> <div> <div>
<div>Matter can it can only cycle between stores.<br>Energy can
enter and leave a closed system energy is input ( from the sun by
</div> <div>photosynthesis) and output (by respiration), but the
amount of carbon on Earth stays the same as no inputs or outputs
of matter. </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div>
</div></div> </div> </div></div>
What is positive feedback? Give an example <div> <div>
<div>Positive feedback mechanisms amplify the change in the
inputs or outputs.<br>System responds by increasing the effects
of the change, moving the system further from its previous
state.<br><br><div> <div> <div> <div>Example: temperatures rise
less ice cover means less of the suns energy is reflected
temperatures rise... </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div>
</div>
What is negative feedback? Give an example <div> <div> <div>
<div>Negative feedback mechanisms counteract the change in the
inputs or outputs.<br>This means that the system responds by
decreasing the effects of the change, keeping the </div>
<div>system closer to its previous state. <br><br><div>
<div> <div> <div>Example: large amounts of CO2 emitted - CO2 in
atmosphere increases plants remove and store most CO2 from
atmosphere </div> <div>it gains energy, from solar radiation.
Evaporation increases the amount of water stored in the
atmosphere.</div> </div> </div></div>
Factors causing higher rates of evaporation? <div> <div>
<div>Lots of solar radiation, a large supply of water and warm,
dry air, the amount of evaporation will</div> <div>be
high.<br><br> </div> </div> </div>
Factors causing low evaporation levels? <div> <div> <div>
<div>Not much solar radiation, little available liquid water and
cool air that is already </div> <div>nearly saturated (unable to
absorb any more water vapour), evaporation will be
low. </div> </div> </div></div>
What is condensation? <div> <div> <div> <div>Condensation
occurs when water vapour changes state to become a liquid this
decreases the amount of water stored in the
atmosphere. </div> </div> </div></div>
What factors lead to high levels of condensation? <div> <div>
<div> <div>Lots of water vapour in the air and there when warm
air meets mountains, its forced to rise, causing it to cool. This
results in orographic precipitation. </div> </div>
, </div></div>
What is Convective precipitation? <div> <div> <div>
<div>Convection water is transferred to it as snow, and less
water is transferred away due to melting. During periods of
warmer global temperatures, the magnitude of the cryosphere store
reduces as losses due to melting are larger than the inputs of
snow. </div> </div> </div></div>
What is a drainage basin? <div> <div> <div> <div>A drainage
basin is the area surrounding the river where the rain falling on
the land </div> <div>flows into that river.<br> </div> </div>
</div></div>
What type of system is a drainage basin? <div> <div> <div>
<div>Open, local hydrological cycles<br> </div> </div>
</div></div>
What is the input into a drainage basin and what forms can it
enter in? "<div> <div> <div> <div>Precipitation. <br><div>
<div> <div> <div>Mainly as rain, but it also includes other types
like <span style=""background-color: rgb(32, 255, 255);"">snow,
hail, dew and frost. </span></div> </div> </div></div></div>
</div> </div></div>"
What are the 6 types of storage in a drainage basin and what do
they do? 1. Interception...<br><div> <div> <div> <div>When
precipitation lands on vegetation or other structures, like
buildings and concrete or tarmac surfaces, before it reaches the
soil. Interception creates store of water in wooded
areas. <br><br>2. Vegetation storage...<br>Water that the
zone of soil or rock where all the pores in the soil or rock are
full of water. Porous rocks (rocks with lots of holes in them)
that hold water are called aquifers. <br><br>6. Channel
storage...<br>Water held in stream or river</div> </div>
</div></div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div></div>
What are the 10 flows in a drainage basin and what do they do?
1. Infiltration...<br>Water soaking into the soil.
Infiltration rates are influenced by soil type, soil structure
and how much water is already in the soil. Infiltration capacity
is exceeded when the soil is unable to absorb water at the rate
at which it is falling. <br><br>2. Overland flow...<br>AKA
Runoff - Water flowing over the land. It can flow over the whole
surface or in little channels. It happens because rain is falling
on the ground faster than infiltration can occur. <br><br>3.
Throughfall...<br>Water dripping from one plant part to
another.<br><br>4. Stemflow...<br>Water running down plant stem
or tree trunk<br><br>5. Throughflow...<br><div> <div> <div>
<div>Water moving slowly downhill through the soil. Throughflow
is faster through cracks in the soil or animal burrows. Sandy
soil absorbs and transfers water rapidly. This contributes
significantly to the flood hazard, such soils are said to have a
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