Lecture notes
History Lecture Notes
- Module
- History
- Institution
- University College London (UCL)
Detailed lecture notes on the causes, events and outcomes of the third crusade, and more
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THE THIRD CRUSADE-BACKGROUND-
- Jerusalem fell in 1187
- Guy of Lusignan had begun to besiege Acre in August 1189 but had made little progress
- So the three most powerful rulers of Europe decided to take back Jerusalem
FREDERICK BARBAROSSA-
- The oldest of the three leaders at 70
- His crusade had come to an unsuccessful conclusion before Phillip or Richard could even
arrive in Outremer
- In May 1189, his army marched towards the Byzantine Empire
- BUT- over the recent years the Byzantine Greeks had grown much closer with the turks
- The emperor, Isaac, had come to an agreement with Saladin that he would delay the German
journey
- Isaac prevented the setting up of markets, which cut o German supplies
- So they took action- they seized Plovdiv and Adrianople in August and rested there over the
winter
- In February Isaac realised it was not worth it and so let Frederick cross to Asia Minor
- BUT- the army faced supply shortages etc. they could not replenish resources until they
reached Konya in May 1190, which they had to capture rst
- When crossing the River Goksu, Frederick died
- This essentially meant the end for the German crusade
- Many went home, others went to Tripoli and Antioch
- The remainders were left demoralised after the death of their second-in-command, Frederick of
Swabia
- Its impact on the siege of Acre was also minimal as there wasn’t enough troops to successful
complete it.
RICHARD I vs PHILLIP II-
- The two rulers met twice in December and July to agree to protect the crusader and not to
attack each other/lands
- But there soon arose some issues-
- ISSUE ONE
- Richard and Alice
- Richard was betrothed to Alice
- It would be a national embarrassment if Richard didn’t
- But Richard wanted to marry Berengaria to ally against Raymond of Toulouse.
- Although Phillip let Richard go from the commitment for 10,000 marks, it still caused
signi cant damage
- Eg- when Richard besieged Messina to collect his sister’s dowry to fund the crusade,
Philip was present but didn’t help.
- the two eventually married in May 1191
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, - ISSUE TWO
- Rival claims to Jerusalem
- There were two potential candidates for the throne of Jerusalem. Each leader supported a
di erent one
- Conrad de Montferrat was Phillip’s cousin
- Guy of Lusignan was Richard’s feudal
vassal in France.
- the e ects- Eg- when Richard arrives at Tyre in June 1191,
- It increased the strain on the crusaders he was denied entry by Conrad. Richard then
- It delayed the attempt to retake Jerusalem as had to move straight to Acre.
decisions took a very long time.
Eg- when Acre surrendered in early July 1191, it
took the rest of the month to decide who the
- ISSUE THREE king of Jerusalem would be. (Guy was chosen)
- European politics
- Phillip II returned to France before the crusade
had nished
- In April 1192, Richard heard about Phillip’s attacks
- Richard was troubled by this but couldn’t do anything
- This was one of the reasons he left the crusade
RICHARD vs SICILY AND CYPRUS-
- in September 1190, Richard arrived in Messina, Sicily, to collect his sister’s dowry from Count
Tancred.
- Tancred refused to pay refused to pay so Richard attacked
- He eventually took 40,000 gold ounces for crusading
- In April 1191, some of Richard’s eet had been captured by Isaac Comnenus of Cyprus
- In May, Richard invaded the island
- by June, Isaac surrenders and Richard sold the island to the templars for 100,000 bezants
RICHARD AND ACRE-
- Phillip arrived rst in late April 1191.
- His arrival provided vital support for the siege which had slowed down since 1189
- He provided a eet of supply ships plus siege engines
- Richard arrived in early June with his eet
- He also made some siege engines
- They began to attack
Reasons?
- In July 1191, the garrison surrendered
- Although this provided a morale boost, the - sickness?
campaign was delayed by the argument of - To take advantage of Phillip of Flanders’ death
who would be king of Jerusalem (Guy) to expand his land
- But then Phillip returned to France at the end - To attack Richard’s lands
of July
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