This document contains every introduction needed for the topics in the cognitive approach of psychology. Additionally, the document contains study names and information as well as further details including comparisons of memory models and evaluation points for every study.
- Models of Memory- (MSM) Milner (1966), Glanzer and Cunitz (1966). (WM)
Schneider and Niklas (2017).
MSM
Memory is a complex, cognitive process and therefore models are used in order to simplify
this process. One example of a memory model is the Multi-Store Model, proposed by
Atkinson and Shiffrin. The Multi-Store Model divides memory into three different stores.
The sensory register firstly takes in information via the five senses through selective
attention. If this information is paid attention to, it will be transferred to the Short Term
Memory (STM) store which has a limited capacity and duration. In the STM, if the
information is rehearsed, it will be transferred to the Long Term Memory (LTM) store
which has unlimited capacity and duration.
MSM Evaluation points
Strengths Limitations
- Many studies support the notion - The model suggests that LTM
that memory has two separate consists in one store but other
stores and there is a distinction models such as the WM show how
between STM and LTM. different aspects of LTM are stored
differently.
- Has anatomical support. - Rehearsal is seen as an overly
simplistic suggestion as to how
information is transferred between
the STM and LTM. The role of
emotion, motivation and strategy on
memory transfer between the stores
is unclear.
- The model is influential as it has - The model is oversimplified as it
generated a lot of research. suggests that both the STM and
LTM work in a uniform fashion.
*Key Note*
Although rehearsal was initially described by Atkinson and Shiffrin as maintenance
rehearsal (repetition of information), Shiffrin later suggested that rehearsal could be
elaborative (Raaijmakers and Shiffrin, 2003).
Milner (1966)
- Case study: HM, suffered seizures as a child after a bike accident so had a surgery
to remove some of his medial temporal lobe.
- Method triangulation: direct observation, MRI scans, cognitive testing, interviews.
- Found that HM had both anterrograde and retrograde amnesia and also suffered
from a loss of episodic and semantic memory.
- HM still retained procedural memory (may be stored elsewhere in the brain).
, - Most damage was done to the temporal lobe and the hippocampus. The hippocampus
releases acetylcholine which is involved in the transfer of information from STM to
LTM.
- Memory stores in the brain consist of a highly specialised and complex system.
- RLS: the importance of understanding the existence of an interaction between
different memory stores to explain how certain elements of memory may be
retained despite amnesia.
Strengths:
Case study- high intrinsic merit
Method triangulation
Longitudinal
Ethical issues of consent
Limitations:
Impacts of medication, not a lot of information about HMs past
Non-generalisable (discuss how this is not the purpose of a case study etc)
Not easily replicated
Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)
- Serial position effect.
- Lab experiment: 15 different lists with 15 different words.
- Each participant got given a list and was asked to memorise and recall the words
on the list.
- There was a control group which had no intervention task. A 10s group who had a 10
second intervention task, and a 30s group which had a 30 second intervention task.
- the 10s group had a similar primacy effect, the 30s group showed a loss in the
recency effect.
- Suggests that there are two different stores and that the intervention task
prevented the information from being transferred from STM to LTM.
- RLS: the importance of understanding the existence of an interaction between
different memory stores to explain why certain information is harder to recall.
Strengths:
High internal validity
Cause and effect relationship
Standardised procedure
Limitations:
Non-generalisable
Why certain participants were able to recall
Lacks ecological validity
WM and MSM
Memory is a complex, cognitive process and therefore models are used in order to simplify
this process. Two examples of memory models are the Multi-Store Model (MSM), and the
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