This document contains all of the introductions needed for the sociocultural approach in psychology. Additionally, the document includes study names and details for every topic.
Enculturation- Fagot (1978)
The process of enculturation in terms of reinforcing gender roles and behaviour may
operate at a level that parents are simply unaware of but which may be deeply
entrenched in the culture.
Acculturation- Lueck and Wilson (2010)
Protective factors such as shared family values, a bilingual language preference and
economic satisfaction, reduce the harsh impacts of acculturative stress. However,
risk factors such as experience of discrimination may prevent successful
assimilation or integration into the dominant culture.
Cultural dimensions- Chen et al. (2005)
People whose Western cultural values were made more salient through priming placed a
higher value on immediate consumption than those with Eastern cultural values, due
to cultural dimensions influencing individual behaviours and cognition
Cultural influences on behaviour- Takano and Sogon (2008)
As a result of normative conformity, individuals from both collectivist and
individualistic cultures will purposely do things that are known to be wrong in order
to conform with a group.
Social identity theory- Tajfel et al. (1971)
There is a natural tendency of members of a group to favour their in-group. A ‘minimal
group’ is all that is necessary for individuals to exhibit discrimination against an
out-group.
Social cognitive theory- Bandura (1961)
Social learning results in the imitation of behaviours modelled by a peer. This process
is enhanced by gender identification.
Stereotypes origin- Rogers and Frantz (1961)
Stereotypes and prejudices against the African population of South Rhodesia became
integrated into the identities of newcomers as they began to accept their social
role.
Stereotypes formation- Harris and Fiske (2006)
Perception of a threat to the in-groups resources as well as the out-group members’
status may play a role in how the brain perceives the out-group.
Stereotypes effect- Steele and Aronson (1995)
Due to self-fulfilling prophecy, stereotype threat results in individuals being at risk of
confirming a negative stereotype about one’s group.
, - Enculturation- Fagot (1978)
Dutch psychologist Hofstede (1980) stated that culture is the software of the mind
that guides individuals in their daily interactions. Enculturation is the process by
which a child learns of the beliefs, values and attitudes of their culture.
Enculturation can occur by observation, direct instruction and imitation. Kurt
Lewin’s Gatekeeper Theory suggests that certain individuals act as gatekeepers in
society, having the ability to decide which information should be shared or hidden,
influencing the enculturation process- these individuals may be parents, teachers or
politicians. One example of enculturation is gender enculturation wherein a child
learns of their expected gender roles. One study that aimed to explore gender
enculturation was conducted by Fagot (1978).
- Direct, naturalistic observation.
- Observational periods lasting for one hour.
- Parents' attitudes to child behaviours were noted.
- Method triangulation- surveys were conducted to see if parents believed that the
behaviour was more appropriate for a boy, a girl, or the behaviour was gender
neutral.
- Survey did not correlate with actual responses.
- Gender stereotypes are deeply entrenched into society at a level which may not be
noticeable to societal members.
- RLS: gender stereotypes and gender reinforcement in educational and parental
settings.
- Acculturation- Lueck and Wilson (2010)
Dutch psychologist Hofstede (1980) stated that culture is the software of the mind
that guides individuals in their daily interactions. Acculturation is the process by
which an individual assimilates into a new culture, adopting and learning of the
beliefs and values of said culture. Acculturation can occur by various methods;
Assimilation occurs when the individuals adopts the values of the new culture,
Integration occurs when the individual adopts the values of the new culture whilst
retaining the values of the home culture, separation occurs when the individual
refuses the values of the new culture and retains the values of the home culture,
marginalisation occurs when the individual refuses the values of the new and home
culture. Acculturative stress is the negative emotions experienced by an individual
assimilating into the new culture, one study that explored acculturative stress was
conducted by Lueck and Wilson (2010).
- Asian-American immigrants.
- Semi-structured interviews on various topics: financial stability, social networks,
language preference, experiences of discrimination, family values.
- 70% experienced acculturative stress.
- Economic satisfaction, a bilingual language preference, little experience of
discrimination and shared family values decreases the impact of acculturative
stress.
- RLS: large immigrant population, many refugees assimilating into new cultures.
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