The key dates and statistics surrounding Henry VIII as a Tudor monarch. Details his character and aims, government, foreign policy, society, economy and religion
HENRY VIII, 1509-1547 FOREIGN RELATIONS:
CHARACTER AND AIMS: • International alliance against France, achieved little = 1512
• Expedition to France organised by Wolsey = 1513
• Became king = April 1509 • Battle of the Spurs in as part of France expedition = 1513
• Ordered arrest of Empson and Dudley, disbanded • Treaty of Saint Germaine-en-Laye, Tournai, Therouanne = 1514
Council Learned in Law = April 1509 • Scotland allied with France = 1512
• HVIII announced he would honour his promise to marry • Battle of Flodden = September 1513
Catherine of Aragon = April 1509 • 1,500 English and 10,000 Scottish killed at Battle of Flodden
• Catherine of Aragon kept at court since = 1502 • Treaty of London = October 1518 – 24 countries signed, a “glittering success”
• Henry V’s victory at Agincourt = 1415 • Pope Leo X called for general crusade to halt spread of Ottoman power in
• Tournament at which the imperial crown was a motif on Eastern Europe = 1513
Henry VIII’s gold and purple pavilion = 1511 • Charles V elected Holy Roman Emperor = 1519
• Cancelled 175 bonds and recognisances • Field of the Cloth of Gold = June 1520, cost £15,000
• Had 30+ residences • Battle of Pavia = 1525
• League of Cognac = 1526
SOCIETY: • Henry VIII concluded an alliance with France = 1527
• England and France at war with the Habsburgs = 1528
• Pilgrimage of Grace – 40,000 from all social statuses=
• Battle of Landriano, Charles V defeated French = 1529
1536. Spire = nearly 300ft high
• Treaty of Cambrai = 1529
• Following Pilgrimage of Grace, Cromwell re-established
• Lack of foreign involvement due to divorce = 1530-36
Council of the North as a permanent boy with
• Pope excommunicated Henry VIII = 1538
administrative and legal functions = 1536
• Schmalkaldic League formed = 1531
• Nearly 2/3 of church land had been sold off to fund
• Truce of Nice between France and Spain, fear of Catholic invasion = 1538
foreign policy = 1547
• Henry VIII married Anne of Cleves = January 1540
• Complaints in Yorkshire about raise in subsidy, some
• Henry VII divorced Anne of Cleves = Summer 1540
demands written off = 1513
• James V pursued pro-French foreign policy, married Mary of Guise = 1538
• All beggars punished (placed in stocks, whipped and
• Henry VIII sent Duke of Norfolk to attack Scots = 1542
returned to their parish of origin) = 1495-1531
• Battle of Solway Moss = 1542 – 1000 Scottish prisoners taken
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: • Treaty of Greenwich (collapsed as marriage of Prince Edward to Mary was
too extreme for Scots) = 1543
• Great Debasement began = 1544 (lasted until revoked • Earl of Hertford’s Rough Wooing of Scotland, raids on Edinburgh and Dunbar
under Edward IV, 1551) = 1544-45
• Silver content of coins reduced from 92.5% to 25% due • Francis I and Charles V at war again = 1541
to Great Debasement • France allied with Ottoman Turks against Habsburgs = 1542
• Bad harvests raised food prices= 1520-21, 1527-29 • Henry VIII allied with Habsburgs against France, agreeing to invade within 2
• 70% of cloth exports transported by English Merchants years = 1542
= 1550s, 125% increase of cloth exports 1510-1550 • Henry VIII sailed to Calais to march on Paris with army of 48,000 but Charles
V followed own priorities and CV and FI signed peace treaty at Crepy= 1544
RELIGION: • Francis I threatened to invade England (failed)– south coast put on full alert,
fortifications at Pendennis = 1545
• Wolsey appointed to Papal Legate by Pope Leo X = 1518
• Treaty of Ardres signed = 1546
• Wolsey granted Legatus a Latere = 1524
• War against France had cost £2 million, paid for by Great Debasement and
• Wolsey’s 2 illegitimate children born = 1510 and 1512
Dissolution
• Wolsey openly lived with his mistress until = 1519
• Thomas Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare led rebellion against English Crown = 1536
• Bishop of London complained about Lollards heretical
• New Kingdom of Ireland declared = 1540
views = 1515
• Henry VIII declared King of Ireland by Irish Parliament = 1541
• Luther’s 95 theses published = 1517
• Luther’s ideas began to reach England = 1520s
• Wolsey drew up plans for closing monasteries with
fewer than 6 inmates, and amalgamating those with RELIGION:
under 12 = 1528 • 2/3 of monastic land sold off by 1547
• Wolsey dissolved over 2 dozen monasteries • 825 religious houses in England • Exclusion of Mary I from succession
• Wolsey removed 8 unsuitable heads of monasteries as and Wales, 500 monasteries = 1536
Papal Legate • Number of clergy had declined to • HVIII ordered Henry Courtenay’s
• Burnings of Lutheran texts outside St Paul’s = May 1521 10,000 since middle ages execution = 1539
• People began to be executed for their faith = 1530 • Cromwell’s survey to inspect • Bishop John Fisher executed = 1535
• Those who favoured Luther’s reforms became firmly religious establishments = 1535 • Elizabeth Barton’s visions focused on
established in government = 1536 • Cromwell’s Valor Ecclesiasticus = HVIII’S marriage = 1528, wider
• Cromwell and Cranmer worked together to introduce 1535 campaign 1530s, executed 1534
elements of Protestant doctrine from = 1536 • Act of First Fruit and Tenths = 1534 • London Carthusian monks refused to
• Ten Articles of Faith = 1536 • Act of Supremacy = 1534 accept divorce = 1532-33, resisted
• Bishop’s book published = 1537 • Act for the Dissolution of the pressure to agree to a declaration
• First English translation of the Bible published = 1537 Smaller monasteries = 1536, Larger against the authority of the Pope =
• Royal proclamation ordered a copy of Tyndale’s Bible in monasteries = 1539 1534. 18 executed due to Treason
every parish Church = 1538 • Opposition of Carthusian monks to Act
• Swing back towards Catholicism = 1538-40 dissolution led to executions = • Number of saints days reduced to 25
• Six Articles Act passed = 1539 1537-38 by 1547
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