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Health and social care Unit 14 (P1 M1 D1) distinction
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- PEARSON (PEARSON)
Health and social care Unit 14 (P1 M1 D1) distinction Asthma and Diabeties
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Unit 14: Physiological Disordersand their Care Assignment 1 (P1
M1 D1)
Introduction
A physiological disorder is a condition in which the organs in the body malfunction causes illness like
asthma, diabetes and others physiological disorders. Physiological disorders cause disorders like
endocrine system disorders, nervous system, Musculo-skeletal system, respiratory system, and the
circulatory system. I am currently a student nurse in the first year of my degree and currently on
work placement at the local NHS Trust. As part of my studies, I have been asked to produce evidence
of my understanding of two different types of physiological disorder. This will support me in learning
more about the ways in which the service users are affected by their disorder. In this report I will be
talking about 2 disorders which are diabetes and asthma, this report will include two service users
who are Cass who is a 32-year-old with type one diabetes and Michele who is a 16-year-old
asthmatic. In this report I will be evaluating the impact of the two different disorders on service
users and will justify the potential benefits of different investigations and treatment options
available for the two different physiological disorders.
Diabetes
Diabetes is an example of an endocrine system disorder which is a lifelong condition that causes a
person’s blood sugar level to become too high. There are two types of diabetes which are type 1 and
type 2, the difference between the two is that type one is where the body’s immune system attacks
and destroys the cells that produce insulin (NHS.UK), whereas type 2 is where the body does not
produce enough insulin, or the body's cells do not react to insulin. Diabetes occurs when the body is
no longer able to produce insulin or when the body becomes resistant to insulin (due to damage of
the pancreas), causing the blood glucose levels to become extremely high which starves the body of
the main nutrient used for energy. When the body takes glucose from food consumed it would need
insulin to be able to converted into energy, as when the glucose wants to enter a cell from the
bloodstream to be used for energy it would need insulin to be able to enter that cell, so without
insulin or not enough insulin it causes the body to not be able to have enough energy to use for day
to day tasks and this is due to the service users pancreas not producing enough insulin or not
producing any at all depending on if they have type one or type two. When this happens, the body
will have high levels of glucose as the body will think that there is not enough as it doesn’t have
energy, so it will keep taking glucose into the body which will cause the service users glucose levels
to increase which causes the symptoms of diabetes. A service user with diabetes will experience
different signs and symptoms which will affect their body, and this is due to the body having not
enough insulin and having a lot of glucose.
Signs and Symptoms
A sign is a detectable characteristic that people around the service user could see like skin tone or a
bump on the skin. A symptom is a feature that the service user will feel for example Headaches,
dizziness, nausea, a cough, pain and disorientation. Some symptoms can also be sign for example a
GP would be able to see if a service user is in pain which would be a sign and symptom.
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes have the same signs which include feeling very thirsty, peeing more
than usual particularly at night, feeling very tired, losing weight without trying, thrush that keeps
,coming back, blurred vision, cuts and grazes that are not healing and fruity-smelling breath. Service
users with type 1 diabetes will show signs early on and would show around the age of 12 but can be
seen in younger or older service users.
Diabetics will experience polyuria which is when the service user urinates more than usual and will
pass more liquid when urinating this is because the blood glucose levels become too high, and the
body will try to remove glucose from the blood through the kidneys. When this happens, the kidneys
will also filter out more water and the service user will need to urinate more than usual as a result
which causes the service user to become thirsty more regularly as there is more water exiting the
body due to high glucose levels. The service user will experience this mostly at night and the kidney
works harder to try and get the glucose out of the body and this causes the service user to need to
go to the toilet more often than usual.
Service users with diabetes might also experience polydipsia which is an increase in thirst, and this is
caused due to the service user having a high blood glucose level. This is also due to the kidney having
to work harder to try and get rid of the extra glucose in the blood stream so it would work twice as
hard get rid of the glucose which makes the body lose a lot of water so the service user will be
thirsty more often as there is a lot of water going out of the body.
Service users with diabetes might also experience weight loss because insufficient insulin prevents
the body from getting glucose from the blood into the body's cells to use as energy. When this
occurs, the body starts burning fat and muscle for energy, causing a reduction in overall body weight
as there is fat and muscle being burnt so that the body is able to get energy, and this would cause
the blood to become acidic if the condition is left untreated it could become life threatening.
Diabetics might also experience a blurred vision as high levels of blood sugar resulting from diabetes
can affect your ability to see by causing the lens inside the eye to swell, which can result in
temporary blurring of eyesight. This happens in three stages which are background retinopathy, Pre-
proliferative retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy. These all have different effects on the retina
of the eye and if treated early then further damage could be prevented.
A person with diabetes might also have a sweet smell to them which is due to a high level of glucose
in the body that comes out when they sweat, so a sign that a person might have diabetes would be if
they have a sweet smell to them.
Another sign of diabetes is necrobiosis lipoidica which are yellow, reddish, or brown patches on the
skin which are caused due to change in blood vessels in the body are seen in early diabetes.
Acanthosis Nigricans is also another sign of the condition and is where the skin has darker area of
skin that feels like velvet and this is due to the body having too much insulin and is a sign of
prediabetes. Diabetics will might also have hard, thickening skin which is called digital sclerosis, and
this is caused if the condition is left untreated. Service users with diabetes might also experience
diabetic ulcers which are open sores and wounds mostly around the feet and this is due to the
damages blood vessels and nerves that high glucose levels cause and when this happens, the
chances of infection increase also increases so takin care of wound is very important for people with
diabetes.
, Causes
The cause of type 1 diabetes is not known and has nothing to do with a service users’ diet or lifestyle
and this affects 10% of people with diabetes. One cause of type 2 diabetes is when the cells in
muscle, fat and the liver become resistant to insulin and as cells don’t act normally with insulin, they
don’t take enough sugar. Another cause of diabetes is when the pancreas is unable to produce
enough insulin to manage blood sugar levels.
If a service user is overweight, then they would have a higher chance of having type 2 diabetes, but
healthier service users would also have a chance of getting type 2 diabetes but its less than
overweight service users so the BMI of a service user will have a big impact on their chance of
getting type 2 diabetes.
A person’s lifestyle will also have a big impact on their chances of getting type 2 diabetes, for
example if they don’t exercise and have a poor diet then they would be more likely to get the
disease whereas service users who have a healthy diet and exercise regularly would have a lot less
chance of getting type 2 diabetes. A service user should aim for at least two and a half hours of
exercise per week to lower their chance of getting type 2 diabetes as physical exercise helps lower
the blood sugar level.
Asthma
Asthma is a common lung condition that causes the service user to have difficulties breathing as it
the airways that carry air in and out of your lungs which makes breathing harder for the service
users. There are 5.4 million people in the UK with the asthma and it affects one in 12 adults making
the condition a very common one and people with asthma often have sensitive, inflamed airways.
Asthma is also a long-term condition that the service user will deal with and there is no cure for the
condition, but it can be treated with medication.
Signs and Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of asthma are different in different service users as some might have a
more severe level of the condition whereas some might have a less severe level of the condition.
One symptom of asthma is a whistling sound when breathing which is called wheezing which is due
to the airways being inflamed. This is when the service user breathes a whistling sound could be
heard when they inhale and exhale due their narrow airways, people with asthma also have more
mucus in their airways which further blocks the airways and makes the wheezing louder.
Another symptom of asthma is breathlessness so if the service user is finding it hard to breath, then
and is having to breath at a faster pace, then this might be a sign of asthma. This is caused as the
airway to the lung are narrow and there is less oxygen being supplied to the lungs which makes
breathing a lot harder for service users with asthma which is why they might experience
breathlessness as breathing would be harder for them especially during certain activities like running
and exercise.
Having a tight chest is also another symptom of asthma so if the service user feels like there is a
band tightening around it then the service user might have asthma. This is also due to their narrow
airways as when their airways get narrow, they wound be able to feel it which gives them the
sensation of a tight chest.
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