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Summary Urban Environments: Global Distribution, London and Rio de Janeiro
This document contains information on global distribution and urban changes, with specific case studies of Rio de Janeiro and London
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key words key phrases key statisticsGeography: Urban Issues & Challenges
Global Urbanisation:
Rural-Urban Migration: the movement of people from the countryside to the
city
❖ The trend is towards more densely-populated areas; by 2050, the population in
urbanised areas will be at least 50% of a country/continents total population
❖ The year 2007/8 was when the global population became more urban than rural
HICs LICs
1600s: people living in rural areas 1970s: people started moving into cities
1750s: Industrial Boom as the growth of HIC cities started
1800s: people flocked into the cities slowing down because they were
1970s: overcrowding and unpleasant attracted by the opportunities in cities,
quality of living and begin moving out better living conditions, etc.
Subsistence Farmers: a form of farming where all the crops and/or livestock
raised are used to sustain the farmer and his day-to-day living, leaving little
left for extra sales so there is minimal (to none) profit made
Desertification: the process of a once-fruitful land becoming a desert land due
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to drought, improper agricultural practices, overgrazing, etc.
Malnutrition: the state of being severely underfed (starvation)
Migrant: someone who has moved from one place to another to look for work
or better living conditions
❖ The two main reasons why cities are growing so quickly:
➢ Rural-Urban Migration (people moving from the countryside to city in
hopes for a better quality of living)
➢ Natural Increase (the amount of people being birthed is greater than the
people dying, mostly because youth are the ones moving into cities,
hoping to start families, etc.)
❖ Five main categories of urban challenge are:
➢ Poverty and Housing (urban inequalities)
➢ Energy (cities consume >75% of the world’s energy and produce >50%
of the world’s greenhouse gases)
➢ Water and Sanitation (1 billion people still don’t have access to clean
water)
➢ Disasters (high density and poor quality housing)
➢ Waste (1 billion tonnes of waste is produced by cities each year)
Counter Urbanisation: when people move away from purely making ends
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meet to wanting a better quality of life, and so move back towards the suburbs
❖ Effects of counterurbanisation include:
➢ extreme difference between city and countryside being brought down
➢ reduce concentration of pollution in cities
➢ create a better-developed transport system to bring people back and
forth
➢ tensions between locals and newcomers
➢ rise in house prices in the suburbs
➢ areas of fields, farmlands and recreational grounds used up for houses
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