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Ethnic Diversity Revision Notes Geography A2-2
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- CCEA
Completed revision notes that go by the A-Level Geography specification for CCEA
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Ethnicity Notes:Race: Race classifies people according to the colour of their skin, visible facial features, or hair type.
Traditionally there were four major races: Caucasian (white or European), Mongoloid (Asian or
Chinese), Negroid (black or African) and Australoid (Aboriginals). Early studies of these divisions
assumed that there was some biological difference between the groups. However, modern studies
consider race is just a social construct. Racial divisions are a visible sign of ethnic division, but
movements of people and intermarriage means that there is now no such thing as a ‘pure’ race.
o White European colonist assumed dominance over Black Africans taking millions of slaves to
American in the 18th century
Nationality: A strong unifying element for large numbers of people is their country of origin or
ancestral home, with its national flag and anthem. The aspirations of an ethnic group, defined by
national identity, to break away from their current political rulers have often led to bitter conflict.
o In Northern Ireland, the Catholic population are broadly reflected to as ‘Nationalists’ as they
have allegiance to Ireland rather than the UK
Language: Language unites and divides groups of people. Worldwide there are over 6500 different
languages. Language is often regarded as an outward expression of ethnicity. It has been shown that
people who are unable to communicate with another group because of language differences are
more likely to maintain other differences as well.
o Quebec, Canada, maintains its separate identity by speaking French
Religion: Religion often provides a code of behaviour sometimes including dress that makes its
followers instantly recognisable. Many people identify with a specific religious group even if they do
not regularly attend religious services
o The Amish dress simple with dresses for women (not allowed to cut their hair) and men to
wear dark coloured suits. Buttons, zips, and Velcro not allowed
Role Within Society: This refers to a person’s occupation in society. Individuals can be regarded as
spokesperson for an ethnic group and therefore have significant influence.
o Imams (Muslim Clergy) voice the elements and components of Islam (spokesperson)
Residential Concentration: Ethnic minorities tend to live in clusters, the idea of safety in number and
being able to socialise and have access to services with people from similar backgrounds. Clusters of
minorities often reflect the economic ability of the group to purchase cheap accommodation or to
access housing for multiple people. They can often be hostile to those of different ethnicity, making
them feel threatened and move away.
o Some wards of Blackburn, Birmingham, Bradford, and Burnley have a population with 75%
Muslim
Age: Elderly in some societies can get preferential treatment due to their valued lifetime experience.
Elderly immigrants tend to retain their ethnicity and so are less likely to assimilate with those in their
new area.
, o Elderly immigrants tend to retain their cultures rather than adapt to new ones unlike their
other generations
Gender: In some country’s women occupy a lower niche in society and certain laws only apply to
them.
o Females in south Sudan are frowned upon when attending school due to breaking traditional
gender roles- 75% of girls do not attend primary school
Essay Plan: ‘International migration is the most important process in the creation of ethnically
diverse countries.’
With reference to your case study of an ethnically diverse country, discuss the extent to which you
agree with this statement.
Introduction:
2020 population is 1.318 million in Timor-Leste (East Timor)
Located in Southeast Asia
Colonisation, annexation, and international migration all had an effect on the ethnic diversity
in East Timor
Colonisation:
‘The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country,
occupying it with settles and exploiting it economically’.
East Timor was colonised by Portugal in the mid-16 th century up until 1975
o Mainly due to the region’s rich coffee plantations.
West Timor was colonised by the Dutch in 1613 until 1945
Drastically changed the majority religious beliefs in the area
o Before colonisation, the majority were animist
o By 1975, 30% were of Catholic religion
o In 2015, 97.6% were catholic and >1% were Muslim compared to 87% in Indonesia.
Portuguese is now one of the two major languages along with the Timorese language of
Tetum
o Only 5% of the 1 million people in the region speak Portuguese
Both religion and languages bring different behaviours, ways of dressing and beliefs to the
country, increasing the diversity.
Annexation:
‘Taking political control of a neighbouring country’.
Indonesia annexed East Timor in 1975 after they declared independence, staying in political
control until 1999.
More than 100,000 east Timorese died due to the conflict
o Killed by military, starved in internment camps, and died hiding in the mountains
from Indonesian military forces.
Transmigration Scheme: to move landless people from densely populated areas of Indonesia
to less populous areas of the country
o 150,000 Muslims moved to East Timor who built mosques to maintain their religion
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