Essay
Essay Unit 22 - Genetics
- Module
- Unit 22 - Genetics
- Institution
- PEARSON (PEARSON)
Criteria included - P1, P2, P3, M1, M2, D1
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By: melbrightman28 • 7 months ago
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Genetic report.In this assignment I will be explaining how genetics affect the process of human reproduction from
conception to birth.
P1+M1
Genetics is the study of heredity and difference of inherited
characteristics. It studies genes and how things can be inherited from
one generation to another. Genes make up small parts of our DNA,
that create us as a person. The structure of a gene (DNA) is shown in
the photo. There is four bases that make up pairs in our genes,
Adenine and Thymine connect and pair up together, guanine and
Cytosine connect and make up the second pair. The importance of
genes is that they have many functions in our body and if they aren’t
doing their role our bodies many not function properly. Genes control
the functions of DNA and RNA (). They also consist of a set of specific instructions. For example, the
globin gene is used to produce haemoglobin, which is a protein that helps carry oxygen in the blood.
A genome is a set of genetic instructions for an organism. Every genome has all the details needed to
build an organism. Also, to help it develop and grown. DNA make up the instructions in our genome.
In our DNA there is a unique chemical code that directs our development, growth, and health. A
genome has an importance for medicine. It searches for genes that can be linked to different types
of diseases, they enables us to understand disorders that are inherited and what treatments there is,
it helps us trace our migration patterns from the past. A genotype is an explanation of the unique
genetic makeup of a person. It can be used to describe a whole genome or just one gene and its
alleles. An allele is one of two or more different form of a gene, this results in particular gene
products. A genotype is important because they can help us find targeted medicine, drug
manufactures are using a person’s genotype to create drugs that are more effective and have less
side effects. A persons genotype can help with family planning. “Since the same mutation runs in the
family, the genotyping for the index patient can help with other family members in terms of family
planning,” says Soucie. (See “Family Planning for Carriers,” HemAware November/December 2007,
p. 50.)”. A phenotype is decided by the combination of alleles a person has. It is a description of
physical characteristics of an organism. Majority of phenotypes are influenced by a persons
genotype. However, environment can also have a role. For example, someone’s hair colour will be
decided on their phenotype meaning they could have brunette, blonde, black, or ginger hair. A
phenotype is important because they can help determine if a child may have a genetic problem. For
example, a parent may have Heterochromia iridium a phenotype will help determine if the child will
get it. Chromosomes are a long molecule of DNA with all or some of a genetic material of an
organism. They are found in the nucleus of a cell. They keep DNA wrapped around spool-like
proteins; these are called histones. Each human has 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes in every cell.
Chromosomes are important because they are what make up a person. They are the foundation of
offspring developing. They are also important because sometimes humans are born with an extra
chromosome. This condition is called down syndrome, the extra chromosome causes delays in the
way a child will develop. Some women also can get a female only genetic disorder called tuner
syndrome. This means that a girl with turner syndrome has 1 normal X sex chromosome, most have
2. Their second X sex chromosome can either be shorter or non-existent. A girl with tuners syndrome
usually have fertility and height development issues. DNA stands for Deoxy-ribo-nucleic acid. DNA is
the molecule that holds the biological instructions that make every species unique. The instructions
that DNA hold is passed down from adult to child during reproduction. DNA is important because it
is needed for the inception of life. DNA plays an important part of determining the function and
structure of cells. It is also important as it stores information for the form of biological molecules. It
is also important as it can determine the biological parents of a child.
, Heredity is the total of all biological processes in which specific characteristics are passed from
parents to their offspring. It is the transmission of different traits from one generation to the next.
The traits can be physical, such as hair colour, disease, behavioural, or psychological. A psychological
trait is the cognitive ability of a person. It is evident as a general mental capability, involving,
problem solving, abstract thinking, reasoning, planning, learning from experience, and complex idea
comprehension. If a parent has good problem solving their off spring
has a higher chance of having problem solving skills than a child whose
parents don’t have problem solving. Bipolar is a mental health disorder
that causes extreme mood swings. Meaning that someone with bipolar
could be very happy but then moments later be extremely depressed.
This disorder is linked to genetics, as it can run in families. If a family
member of an individual has bipolar, they have an increased risk of
developing it. Schizophrenia is another mental health disorder it is
where a person may see, hear or believe things that aren’t real. It can
run in families, no single gene is responsible, it is thought that a
different combination of genes make people vulnerable to the disorder.
You can determine the likelihood of your offspring developing bipolar
and schizophrenia using a punnet square. A punnet square is a diagram that is used to predict the
likelihood of characteristics being passed down to offspring. It uses dominant and recessive genes to
predict these outcomes. Heredity is important because it can be used to find the traits offspring may
have and the likelihood of a child developing diseases and psychological and mental problems. For
example, a child’s father may have depression, but the mother doesn’t, heredity can determine the
chances of their child developing depression. this child’s chances are higher than a child whose
parents don’t have depression. It helps decided the characteristics of an individual.
Natural conception is when pregnancy is achieved through sex between a male and female. Through
intercourse, a mans sperm is able to travel and fertilize a females egg in their fallopian tube. The
fertilized egg will eventually attach to the wall of the uterus and begin developing into a foetus.
Gender of the foetus is decided by the 23 rd pair of chromosomes. The female egg contains an X
chromosome, while the males sperm carries another X or a Y chromosome. If the male carries
another X chromosome the foetus will be female, if it carries a Y chromosome it will be male.
Natural conception is important because it is how humans carry on creating our species. It is how we
create our offspring. It can be hard for some people as they may be infertile or in a same sex
relationship, so they can’t have offspring the natural way. There is alternatives for conception for
people to use. For example, a female same sex couple may use a sperm donor to have a child. This is
where they would take an egg and a donors sperm and fertilize it, then they would put it back into
one of the females to impregnant them. There is also IVF treatment for women who have fertility
problems.
Fertilisation is what happens when a mans sperm meets and then penetrates a females egg. When
ovulation and intercourse lap, the sperm swim up through a females cervix and uterus to find the
egg, fertilisation with one sperm happens normally in the upper end of a woman’s fallopian tube. A
sperm and egg cell each have 23 chromosomes, when they fuse, the fertilised cell has 46
chromosomes. Fertilisation is important because this is the time when the sperm would penetrate
the egg to then fertilise it. Without this part of conception, a baby would not be produced. It can
help determine when a child’s due date will be. It also is important as the sperm and egg both have
23 chromosomes which will the turn into 46 chromosomes making the foetus a healthy child.
Meiosis is a type of cell division. This type of cell division produces 4 daughter cells that are haploid.
There are three trimesters to a pregnancy. The first trimester is critical for the development of the
foetus. The amniotic sac develops as the fertilised egg matures. Throughout the pregnancy, the
amniotic sac protects the embryo. During this stage, the placenta, the organ that transports nutrition
and oxygen from the mother to the baby, grows as well. The organs and body structure of the foetus
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