Summary
Summary IB Geography HL notes: Power, places & networks
This document contains detailed notes on IB Geography HL notes: Power, places & networks, who received a 7 on their May 2022 examination.
[Show more]
Content preview
4. Power, places & networks 34.1 Global interactions & global power 3
Globalisation indices: 3
Definition: 3
KOF Index of Globalisation: 3
Other indices: 4
Global superpowers: 4
Superpowers, soft & hard power 4
USA, China and EU & UK 5
Overview: 5
USA: 5
China: 6
Europe: 7
Global organisations & groups: 8
UN — The United Nations: 8
WTO — World Trade Organisation: 8
G7 & G8: 8
G20: 9
OECD — Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development: 9
OPEC — Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries: 9
Global lending institutions: 10
The World Bank: 10
IMF — The International Monetary Fund: 10
NDB — The New Development Bank: 11
4.2 Global networks & flows 12
Global trade in materials, manufactured goods and services: 12
Growth of world trade: 12
Services: 13
International aid, loans and debt relief: 14
International aid: 14
Loans: 15
Development aid: 15
Debt relief: 15
Structural adjustment programmes: 15
Remittances: 16
Illegal flows: 18
Illicit financial flows: 18
Trafficked people: 19
Case study: International Organisation for Migration Indonesia 19
Counterfeit goods: 20
Case study: counterfeit goods from China 20
Fraudulent medicines: 21
Counterfeit food & drinks: 21
1
, Flows of drugs: 21
Case study: Cocaine from Columbia to Europe & the USA 21
FDI — Foreign direct investment: 22
TNCs — Transnational companies: 24
Case study: The Tata Group & Apple Inc. 24
Tata group: 24
Apple Inc.: 25
4.3 Human & physical influences on global interactions 25
Multi-government organisations: 25
Trading blocs: 25
Free trade zones: 26
Economic migration: 26
Controls and rules: 26
Case study: migration in the USA & UK 27
Migration control in the USA: 27
European migration to the UK: 27
The “shrinking world”: data flow patterns and trends 28
The global village: 28
Technology, data & the internet: 28
Transport developments over time: 29
Time-space convergence: 30
Containers: 30
The jet engine: 30
Patterns and trends in communication infrastructure: 31
The influence of the physical environment on global interactions: 32
Natural resource availability: 32
Geographic isolation: 32
2
,4. Power, places & networks
4.1 Global interactions & global power
Globalisation indices:
Definition:
globalisation: the growing interdependence of countries worldwide through the increasing
volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services and of international
capital flows, and through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology
Main forms of globalisation:
● Economic: TNCs; global money markets
● Social: growth of online social networks; migrants families and diaspora
● Cultural: the growth of global culture; the glocalisation of products
● Political: global governance; global action on climate change
The process of globalisation is influenced by three main fields:
Flows Networks Players
● Information & ideas ● Internet ● People
● Big data ● Communications ● Governments
● Ideologies ● Transactions ● Intergovernmental
● Finance ● Social media Organisations
● People ● Stock exchange ● TNCs
● Trade ● Transport routes ● Civil Society Groups
● Waste ● NGOs
Some places remain relatively cut off from global interactions. This may be due to:
● political isolationism
● Insecurity
● under development.
Other places have such influence on global interactions that they may seem to control it.
KOF Index of Globalisation:
Covers the economic, social and political dimensions of globalisation:
● 36% — Economic dimension: long-distance flows of goods, capital and services,
FDI, protectionist policies & trade restrictions → economic flows
● 38% — Social dimension: spread of ideas, information, images and people,
international tourism and cultural proximity (by the number of McDonalds & IKEA
stores per capita) → estimated personal contact
○ This suggests a bias as it fails to take into account the wider global presence
of companies like Toyota, Sony etc.
● 26% — Political dimension: number of embassies per country & membership of
international organisations → the degree of political cooperation
3
, Other indices:
Ernst & Young Globalisation Index:
Measures the 60 largest countries by GDP according to their level of globalisation, by
looking at:
● Openness to trade
● Capital flows
● Exchange of technology & ideas
● Labour movements
● Cultural integration
New Globalisation Index:
Measures the distance of goods traded and counts the number of refugees in each country,
based on:
● 37% — finance
● 32% — trade & politics
● 31% — social
In general these indices show a snapshot of participation in global interactions but they can
be criticised on the grounds of their reliability and validity. Some measures are very crude.
● e.g. just because a person spends many hours watching TV it doesn't really reflect
their global participation.
Global superpowers:
Superpowers, soft & hard power
superpower: a nation or group of nations that has a leading position in international politics
Types of necessary influences:
● Geographical:
○ Large land / sea area
○ Enough resources to be self sustaining if necessary
○ Large population
● Military:
○ Large ability to project power over the world
○ Large land, sea & air army which can be easily deployed
○ Possessions of nuclear power advantages
● Economic:
○ High GDP + high economic growth
○ Large number of companies (Multinational Companies)
○ Economic self sufficiency
● Cultural:
○ Strong cultural influence over other countries
soft power: positive influence that one country can have over another through its culture,
education, enterprise, digital expertise, engagement and government
hard power: where force or coercion is used
4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller juliettebacuvier. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £9.02. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
76669 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now
