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Biology Summary Notes (IGCSE)
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It covers most of the important informations from Chapter 1 to 15 for the readers to have a better understanding on each chapters.
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BiologyBiolog IGCSE
Summar Note
1
Prepared by: Lim Chu Rong
, Biology
Content Page
Chapters / Topics Page
Chapter 1: Classi cation 3-7
Chapter 2: Cells 8-10
Chapter 3: Movement in and out of the cell 11-13
Chapter 4: Biological molecules 14-16
Chapter 5: Enzymes -
Chapter 6: Plant nutrition 17-19
Chapter 7: Human nutrition 20-27
Chapter 8: Transport in plants 28-30
Chapter 9: Transport in animals 31-38
Chapter 10: Pathogens and immunity 39-40
Chapter 11: Gas exchange in human 41-44
Chapter 12: Respiration 45-47
Chapter 13: Excretion 48-51
Chapter 14: Coordination and response 52-62
Chapter 15: Drugs 63-65
Reminder:
- Those notes that are highlighted or underlined are important so please be aware of that.
2
Prepared by: Lim Chu Rong
, Biology
Chapter 1 Classificatio
1.1 Classi cation of Living Organisms
1. Movement
- Action by organism or part of the organism causing the change of position or place.
2. Respiration
- Chemical reactions in cells that break down molecules (nutrition) and release energy for
metabolism.
3. Sensitivity
- Ability to detect the stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make
appropriate responses.
4. Reproduction
- Processes that make more of the kind of organisms.
5. Growth
- Permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both.
6. Excretion
- Removal from organisms of the waste product of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells
including respiration), toxic material and substances in excess of requirements.
7. Nutrition
- Taking in material for growth, energy and development.
- Plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions.
- Animals need organic compounds, ions and usually need water.
1.2 Classi cation
Species
- A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile o spring.
Binomial System
- System in which the scienti c name of an organism is made up of two parts showing
the genus and the species e.g Homo sapiens
- Importance to classify organisms:
- To identify the risk of extinction.
- Understand evolutionary relationships.
Morphology - the study of form or outward appearance of an organism
Anatomy - the study of their internal structure as revealed by dissection.
3
Prepared by: Lim Chu Rong
, Biology
Way to classify organism
- Using DNA, a sequence of bases, coding for amino acids and protein.
- Di erent species have a clear and di erent (distinct) number of chromosomes and a unique
sequence of bases in its DNA, making it identi able and distinguishable from other
species of animal or organisms.
1.3 Features of organisms
All living organisms have certain features in common, like the presence of cytoplasm and
DNA as genetic material. Ribosomes in our body are responsible for protein synthesis and
enzymes involved in respiration.
Kingdom of living organism:
Animals
- Multicellular (body made up of many cells)
- Cells have a nucleus, but no cell walls or chloroplast.
- Feed on organic substances made by other living organisms.
Plants
- Multicellular
- Cells have a nucleus, cell walls made of cellulose and often contain chloroplast.
- Feed by photosynthesis.
- May have roots, stems and leaves.
Fungi
- Usually multicellular
- Have nuclei
- Have cell wall, not made of cellulose
- Do not have chlorophyll
Prokaryote
- Multicellular and unicellular
- Cells have a nucleus
- Cells may or may not have a cell wall and chloroplast
- Some feed on photosynthesis, feed on organic substances made by
other organisms
Protoctist
- Often unicellular (single celled)
- Have no nucleus
- Have cell walls, but not made of cellulose
- Have no mitochondria
4
Prepared by: Lim Chu Rong
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