Contain all you need to know for this chapter of the course. Are detailed and concise, and work best with Anki, but can be used with quizlet. They are in the form of a txt document that can be imported into anki or quizlet. Some images are missing due to the format, so these images will have to be ...
How many amino acids are there? 20
How many bases code for one amino acid? Three
What are the features of the genetic code? It is degenerate- multiple triplets
code for one amino acid- prevents against mutation<div>It is non-overlapping- each
base in the sequence is read only once</div><div>It is universal- the same codons
code for the same amino acids in all organisms</div>
Does all of the DNA code for proteins? No, there are non-coding sections known
as introns, and the coding sections are called exons
How are chromosomes structured? DNA in eukaryotes is associated with histones,
proteins that DNA is wrapped around<div>This DNA-histone complex is
coiled</div><div>These coils are looped</div><div>These loops coil and pack
together to form a chromosome</div>
How many chromosomes do humans have normally? 46
What are homologous chromosomes? A pair of chromosomes that have the same genes
at the same loci, but might have different alleles. One is paternal and one is
maternal
What is a codon? Three bases on mRNA that codes for an amino acid
What is the proteome? The full range of proteins produced by the genome
How is mRNA structured It is a single stranded length of RNA, transcribed in the
nucleus, that codes for a protein
What is the purpose of mRNA? To act as a template for the protein to be
translated
What is tRNA? Transfer RNA- it is used to bring the relevant amino acids to the
ribosome in translation
What is the structure of tRNA? It is a single strand of RNA folded into a
clover shape. The bottom clover has an anti-codon on the bottom that corresponds to
the DNA triplet that codes for the corresponding amino acid
What is transcription? The process of converting a DNA gene into mRNA to be taken
to the ribosome
What is the transcription process? An enzyme splits the hydrogen bonds holding
together the bases for the length of DNA being transcribed, exposing the relevant
bases<div>RNA polymerase assigns free RNA nucleotides to the exposed bases on the
template strand, and forms phosphodiester bonds between these nucleotides, forming
a complementary RNA strand.</div><div>Once RNA polymerase reaches a stop codon, it
and the pre-mRNA strand detaches</div><div>This pre-mRNA is then spliced to remove
the introns to form mRNA </div>
What is translation? The process by which mRNA is converted into a
polypeptide
What is the process of translation? The mRNA molecule binds to the ribosome<div>The
tRNA molecule with the complementary anti-codon, and so amino acid, to the first
codon comes to the ribosome, and deposits the amino acid</div><div>The ribosome
moves the mRNA along a triplet, and the same process occurs</div><div>These two
amino acids are condensed together to form a peptide bond, using an
enzyme</div><div>This process repeats until the end of the mRNA is reached, forming
a polypeptide chain </div>
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