I created these notes throughout y12&13 and used them for my A level 2022 exams. I got a grade 9 in GCSE and am awaiting for my a level biology result. These notes were made using the CGP revision guide, AQA Biology textbook and class notes in order to cover everything in the course. I have also ad...
12.1 GLYCOLYSIS
07 October 2021
16:36
Aerobic respiration - Requires oxygen, producing CO2, H2O and a lot of ATP.
Anaerobic respiration - Takes place in the absence of O2, producing lactate in
animals and ethanol in plants and fungi.
● Forms small amounts of ATP.
Aerobic respiration is divided into 4 stages:
● Glycolysis
● Link reaction
● Krebs cycle
● Oxidative phosphorylation.
Glycolysis - Splitting of a 6C glucose molecule into 2 3C pyruvate molecules.
Occurs in the cytoplasm for both aerobic and anaerobic.
Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate.
● 2 inorganic phosphate groups are formed by the hydrolysis of ATP.
● Makes the glucose more reactive by providing energy to activate glucose and
lower the activation energy.
The glucose phosphate splits to two triose phosphates by a hydrolysis reaction.
The triose phosphates are oxidised as 2 H+ ions are removed from each TP.
● NAD takes the H+ to form reduced NAD.
2 ATP molecules are formed per TP molecule from ADP to form pyruvate.
A net of 2 ATP molecules are formed.
2 molecules of reduced NAD.
2 molecules of pyruvate.
, 12.2 LINK REACTION & KREBS CYCLE
08 November 2021
21:03
The pyruvate molecules are actively transported into the matrix.
The link reaction converts each pyruvate molecule into acetyl coenzyme A.
Pyruvate is oxidised to 2C acetate.
● Loses a CO2 molecule and 2 H are accepted by NAD to form reduced NAD.
The acetate combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A.
● This occurs 2 times for each glucose molecule.
The Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix.
Acetyl CoA combines with a 4 C molecule to form a 6C molecule.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller rajreuben. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £4.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
