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Summary Notes for GCSE Chemistry Organic
Notes for GCSE Chemistry Organic
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Taylor’s Notes Organic Chemistry Summary PageHydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are compounds that are made up of hydrogen and carbon only
Fractional Distillation
Crude oil is vaporised by heating to 400°C and enters the fractionating column
The fractionating column consists of chambers that become cooler as you go up the column (hottest at the bottom)
Each fraction (specific hydrocarbon) has a different boiling point
the fractions condense when they reach a chamber at their boiling point
Longest chain fractions condense at the bottom
Shortest chains don’t condense and emerge as gases from the top
Combustion
In an excess supply of oxygen, hydrocarbons undergo complete combustion, forming
carbon dioxide and water
In a limited supply of oxygen, hydrocarbons undergo incomplete combustion,
forming carbon monoxide and H2O
Carbon monoxide is an odourless toxic gas that is poisonous because it limits the ability of blood (haemoglobin) to uptake O2.
Homologous Series
Homologous series are groups of organic molecules that have:
The same functional group
Similar chemical properties
Trends in physical properties (melting and boiling points)
Successive members of the series differ by CH2
Alkanes
Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2
Alkanes are saturated as they do not contain a double bond
Alkanes react slowly with bromine in UV light in a substitution reaction
Methane + Bromine Bromomethane + HBr
Alkenes
Alkenes have the general formula CnH2n
Alkenes are unsaturated as they do contain a double bond
Alkenes react quickly with bromine water in an addition reaction The colour changes from orange to colourless
Structural Isomerism
Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formula (structures)
An example of an isomer of butene:
Catalytic Cracking
Long chains are broken down into shorter chains by cracking at a temp. of 600-700°C and in the presence of an Al2O3 catalyst
Addition Polymerisation
Addition polymerisation is the joining together of many
alkenes (the monomer) to make a very long chain alkane
A polymer is a very long molecule made up of repeating
units
A monomer is the alkene used to make the polymer
(For the repeating unit, there must be lines coming out of
the bracket and an ‘n’ in the bottom right hand corner)
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