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BTEC APPLIED SCIENCE UNIT 9 ASSIGNMENT B
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- PEARSON (PEARSON)
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Assignment 9B - HomeostasisHomeostasis is the control of internal environments in a steady state. It controls many
factors, in example, temperature of the body, blood glucose and blood water. Homeostasis
utilises negative feedback mechanisms to control the set point – an optimum level at which
the body should be maintained at the carry out metabolic processes. The corrective
mechanism will bring the system back to its normal state through reversing the change.
Consequently, the bigger the change, the bigger the feedback.
Set point
The set point is which the range fluctuates around. In the function of a normal human body,
the set point is around 37c, and will go a couple of degrees above and below this
temperature. If the factor that is being regulated deviates from the set point, homeostasis is
restored through a feedback loop.
A Feedback loop consists of three components: A receptor, the control centre and the
effector. (LumenLearning, N/A)
Receptor
A receptor monitors conditions such as environment and detects a change. It detects if
conditions such as blood pressure is too high or low. This information is then relayed to the
hypothalamus. (BBC, N/A)
Coordinator
A coordinator receives information from the receptors, process it and produce a response to
send to effectors. Examples of a coordinator are the spinal cord, brain and pancreas. (BBC,
N/A)
Effector
Effectors create the response, often by releasing a hormone which help systems back to
their set point. Examples of an effector are muscles or glands. (BBC, N/A)
Response
A response is processed by the central coordination system and received by a receptor and
is passed along neurones to an effector. For example, the muscle may contract or a
hormone to be released as a response. (AQA, N/A)
,Gland Type Nature Hormones Action of Reference
(description) hormones
Sweat Exocrine Located in the Sweat Lowers body (Hartey, 2016)
dermis layer of temperature
the skin
Brunner’s Exocrine Proximal Alkaline mucus Secrets (Hartey, 2016)
Duodenum mucin, which
neutralizes
stomach acid
Thyroid Endocrine Located Thyroxine Regulation (Hartey, 2016)
behind the of metabolic
larynx rate
Parathyroid Endocrine Behind the Parathyroid Regulation (Hartey, 2016)
thyroid gland hormone of calcium
in the neck levels
Pituitary Endocrine Base of brain -Thyroid- Controls (Hartey, 2016)
stimulating several other
hormone glands
-Growth
hormone
-Prolactin
-ACTH
-ADH
Pancreas Endocrine and Alkaline mucus Neutralizes (Hartey, 2016)
exocrine Abdomen (exocrine) stomach acid
Insulin and (exocrine)
glucagon Blood
(endocrine) glucose
regulation
(endocrine)
Liver Endocrine and Abdomen Bile (exocrine) Emuliscation (Hartey, 2016)
exocrine Angiotensinoge of fats
n (exocrine)
Thrombopoietin Regulates
Insulin-like blood
growth factor pressure,
(endocrine) platelet
formation
and cells
growth and
development
.
, Water potential (Osmoregulation)
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland in osmoregulation
Blood water homeostasis is controlled by the hypothalamus part of the brain. The
hypothalamus has osmoreceptor cells which detect fluctuations in the water potential in the
blood plasma. If there is too little water, osmoreceptors will shrivel. The hypothalamus is
contently monitoring the blood that flows into the brain. If osmo-polarity is past the normal
set point, the hypothalamus synthesizes anti diuretic hormone (as explained below).
(Osmosis, 2021)
The ADH from the hypothalamus is then moved to the pituitary gland. From here it enters
the capillaries and into the blood which then moves into its target organ (kidney).
Aquaporins are transmembrane channels that facilitate the transportation of water
molecules down the osmotic gradient. This helps balance water content in the cells if its too
high or low. (BMC, 2006)
When blood pressure drops, cells called baroreceptors in the atrium of the heart detect
when there’s a change in pressure against it walls; this causes signals to be sent to the
hypothalamus and then the pituitary gland. (Estruch, 2020)
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