Summary
Summary Issues and Debates essay plans
- Module
- Issues and Debates
- Institution
- AQA
A* NOTES!!!!! Essay plans crafted from A01 and A03. detailed points to meet in order to gain full marks.
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Discuss the free-will and determinism debate.free-will freewill is a positive explanation for
- The notion that suggest human beings behaviour and thoughts.
are self-determining and free to choose - People with an internal LOC believe they
their own thoughts and actions. have a high degree of influence over
- We are not determined by forces to make events and their own behaviour, they
certain decisions or behaviour. tend to be healthier.
- Adopted by humanistic approach. - Leads to resistance to social influence,
higher achievement orientated.
synoptic examples Freewill may only be an illusion.
- Humanistic approach – operate as active Soon et al, 2008
agents who determine their own - Activity related to pressing a button with
development. left or right hand occurs in the brain up to
10 seconds before the participants report
being consciously aware of making that
decision.
- frontopolar and parietal cortex were
active a few hundred milliseconds before
their conscious choice.
= Even basic experiences of freewill are
decided/ determined before we become
aware of them.
determinism The development of drugs treatments –
- An individual’s behaviour and thinking is - Focus on establishing causation has
shaped/ controlled by internal or external allowed the development of many drug
forces beyond their control, rather their therapies to help diminish symptoms or
conscious decision. manage them.
- Schizophrenia - antipsychotics, OCD –
SSRIs.
HD – freewill is not possible. Our behaviour is suggest an Individuals’ choice is not the
always controlled by internal or external cause of the behaviour –
influences beyond our control. - not consistent with the legal system and
SD – all events have causes. Our behaviour the way it operates. Offenders are usually
can also be determined by our conscious held accountable for their actions but if it
choices. is an act of determinism then how can
they be blamed?
- Example – Tony Mobley case – argued
that is murder was a result of his violent
genes, and he therefore should not be on
death row.
environmental D – behaviour is caused by
features of the environment that we cannot
control – reward and punishment.
Behaviourist approach (hard determinism
too) behaviour is caused by external forces
beyond control, CC and OC.
biological D – behaviour is caused by
biological influences we cannot control –
genetic, hormonal or evolutionary. Biological
approach (hard determinism) behaviour is
determined by internal, genetic/ innate
influence beyond our control.
psychodynamic D – behaviour is caused by
unconscious conflicts we cannot control,
repressed memories. Psychological approach
(hard determinism) unconscious forces
beyond our control determine behaviour.
scientists support determinism – causality
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