I created these notes throughout y12&13 and used them for my A level 2022 exams. I got a grade 9 in GCSE and an A* at a level. These notes were made using the CGP revision guide, edexcel textbook and class notes in order to cover everything in the course. I have also added markschemes from past pap...
6.1.1 CARBON - A SPECIAL ELEMENT
06 May 2021
20:46
Most compounds which contain C also contain H.
● Main sources of these compounds are organic - Living or once living materials
in animals and plants.
Organic chemistry is concerned with the study of compounds containing C-H bonds.
C atoms can form chains, branched chains and rings of various sizes.
C-C and C-H bonds have relatively high bond enthalpies are relatively unreactive.
Hydrocarbon - Compound made up of H and C atoms only.
6.1.2 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
06 May 2021
21:37
Functional group - Group of atoms which gives an organic compound its
characteristic properties and reactions.
Homologous Series - Family of compounds which all contain the same functional
group.
● Each member of the series contains one CH2 unit more than the previous
member.
● Have similar chemical properties.
● Have a general formula.
● Shows trends in physical properties.
General formula - Represents all members of the homologous series.
,6.1.3 EMPRIRICAL, MOLECULAR AND
STRUCTURAL FORMULAE
07 May 2021
10:16
General formula - Algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of
compounds.
Empirical formula - Simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a
compound.
Molecular formula - Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
Structural formula - Shows arrangement of atoms carbon to carbon with the
attached hydrogens and functional groups.
● I.e. CH3CH2CH2CH3
Displayed formula - Shows how all the atoms and bonds between them are arranged
in a molecule of the compound.
Skeletal formula - Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton and the functional groups
only. Carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms aren't shown, and lines are used between
carbon atoms.
6.1.4 NAMING SIMPLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
08 May 2021
15:22
Find the longest C chain to decide the root name.
● Eth... Prop...
Find the functional group to find the suffix.
● -Ol... -Ane...
Identify branching points, like the alkyl groups.
● Methyl...ethyl...
● Allocate them with numbers to give the lowest possible number combination.
List the branches in alphabetical order as the prefix.
When there are more of the same side group, use the prefix's.
● Di-... Tri-...
, 6.1.5 ISOMERISM
08 May 2021
16:01
Structural isomers - Compounds with the same molecular formula but different
structural formulae.
There are 3 main types of structural isomers.
● Chain isomers - Carbon skeleton is arranged differently.
● Positional isomers - Functional group attached to a different carbon atom.
● Functional group isomers - Same atoms arranged into different functional
groups.
6.1.6 TYPES OF ORGANIC REACTIONS
08 May 2021
16:42
Unsaturated - Molecule contains a C=C double bond.
● Addition reaction - Another molecule can join to it.
Saturated - Molecule contains C-C single bonds.
● Substitution reactions - An atom or group is replaced by another atom or
group.
● Elimination reactions - Adjacent atoms or groups are removed to form an
unsaturated molecule.
Hydrolysis - Compound splits apart in a reaction with water.
Addition polymerisation - Addition reaction in which monomers join together to form
polymers.
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