Summary document of Chapter 5 Evolution and biodiversity IB Biology
IB Biology Full Course Notes + Required Drawings Units 1 - 11 & Option D
IB Human Physiology Option D - Biology HL & SL Notes for IBDP
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topic i n
:
Animal
Physiology
,nominal
physiology
Tuesday .
" e. miser
②
Immunity is based on
recognition of self and destruction of foreign material .
② The immune
system protects you against infectious diseases allergens parasites , ,
and cancer cells .
② sensitive detection
It is a
highly system that triggers a response in reaction to the invasion of pathogens / allergens .
② Doctors prescribe antihistamines to treat mild
alergic reactions and adrenaline shots to treat severe reactions .
P
Until 1993 the World Health
, Organization published the guidelines for biomedical research involving humans .
Antigens and Blood Groups
② The
surface of our cells contains large carbohydrates glycoproteins , ,
and other polypeptides that can be recognized by our own
immune system as self .
② cells such as bacteria, viruses cancer cells and other
Foreign , pathogens also have an array of molecules on their surfaces
that can
potentially act as antigens .
%
An antigen is
any molecule that can triggeran immune response leading to the generation of antibodies .
② The immune '
self and
'
not
system can
recognize antigens as Mount an immune response
against them
-
.
② The
presence of cell-surface antigens is also the basis for the ABO blood group system .
② All RBC have It does not
nantigen on their surface trigger an immune
"
.
response .
②
Different molecules can be added to antigen # to produce blood groups :
* Blood N
group A acetyl galactose mine
: -
.
*
Blood group B : galactose .
The immune system forms antibodies
against
*
Blood group AB : both modified antigens Whichever ABO
.
group antigens are not found
on the individuals red blood cells .
②
Agglutination clumping of a liquid
:
( blood ) .
②
If a
foreign antigen is introduced agglutination ,
occurs .
②
Agglutination will lead to
hemolysis →
rupture of RBC 's membrane ,
leading to the release of the
haemoglobin and other internal
components into the
surrounding feelings . Donor A : Donor :B
*
Universal Donor Blood type 0 :
.
Recepient :
Agglutination Recipient :
Agglutination
A →
NO A →
Yes
B →
Yes B →
NO
0 →
Yes 0 →
Yes
AB → NO AB → NO
, Cellular Immune Response
1
The
antigen is quickly ingested ( via phagocytosis ) by macrophages and B cells Both process the
.
antigen and present it on its surface .
2
The macrophage ( antigen presenting cell) interacts with a 1- helper cell This activates the
.
1- helper cell .
3
The activated 1- helper cell interacts with the B cell that has the on its surface and activates it
antigen .
The activated B cell rapidly divides by mitosis to form clones of plasma cells and
memory cells .
*
Plasma cells possess lots reticulum and developed Golgi apparatus well suited for
rough endoplasmic a well
antibody
→
of
-
production against the specific antigen .
4
The amounts than the plasma cells) stay in
memory B cells ( produced in smaller the body for years after both plasma cells and antibodies
have disappeared .
*
In case infection → Memory cells will divide to form plasma cells secrete antibodies →
long term immunity !
→
of re -
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