Summary Biology IB Diploma Program Topic 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis
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Module
Biology HL
Institution
Book
IB Biology Course Book
Detailed notes on metabolism, cell respiration and photosynthesis for the higher level curriculum of biology for the IB Diploma Program. Includes multiple diagrams, color-coded tags, and full explanations on each of the processes.
⑨ Metabolic reactions are
regulated in response to the cell 's needs .
⑨ The cell has ele borate and intricate web of metabolic reactions .
⑨ Metabolic reactions are either anabolic or catabolic .
⑨ Anabolism it is the
:
synthesis of more complex molecules from simpler precursor molecules .
⑨ This
process requires the input of energy endothermic reaction . .
⑨ Includes the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions .
⑨ Catabolism : it is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules .
⑨ This
process releases energy Exothermic
.
reaction
.
⑨ Includes the hydro lis is of macromolecules into mono Meres .
metabolisms anabolism teatabolisrm =
⑨ Advances in ( software and hardware level ) have enabled
computer tech on logy large -
scale in -
depth analysis of metabolic pathways .
⑨ Metabolic needs of the cell
pathways
'
in response to the dynamic .
⑨ The that the reactions
pathways have evolved in such a
way can proceed efficiently .
⑨ When the metabolic
a product is no longer needed >
pathway can be shut down
quickly .
⑨ Metabolic
Pathway :
⑨ Metabolic
pathway chain or cycle of linked reactions catalyzed by enzymes
-
-
.
⑨
Pathways are quite complex with many intermediate products before an end
, product is produced .
②" " " "
"" " " " " " " """ " " "" ""
" " " t"
g§
.
§
QE
, ⑨ Some metabolic linked to other
pathways are
pathways .
⑨
Glycolysis is directly linked to the Krebs
cycle .
⑨ This reaction is known as the link reaction .
⑨ Metabolic pathways are linked , enzymatically catalyzed reactions .
*
Some are linear ie .
glycolysis .
*
Others are
cyclic ie Krebs
.
cycle .
⑨
Glycolysis metabolic pathway :
⑨ Series of 10 reactions that converts
sugars into pyruvate (3- carbon molecules) .
⑨ It
takes place in the cytosol l cytoplasm of the cell .
⑨
First 5 steps
sugar glucose)
'
convert a 6 carbon ( into 2 3- carbon
sugars
-
⑨ (
glyceraldehyde -
3- phosphate ) .
⑨ ATP is consumed at : 1st and 3rd steps .
⑨ Both of these chemical reactions are catalyzed by an enzyme known as kinase .
⑨ Both reactions are irreversible .
⑨ Last 5 steps i
produce energy .
⑨ t ATP molecule is made per glyceraldehyde -
3 -
phosphate at the 7th and 10 th steps .
⑨
Steps 7 and to are produced by a kinase reaction .
⑨
Step 7 → reversible ,
step to →
irreversible .
⑨ Total ATP molecules produced in steps 5-10=4
⑨ Total
NADH molecules produced in steps 5-10=2
⑨
Total ATP molecules spent in steps t -
5=2
⑨
Net ATP in
glycol is is = 2
⑨
Step 6 '
NADH is
formed by an enzyme called a dehydrogenase .
⑨ NADA "
= electron carrier potential to produce more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
⑨@ Most of the reactions
Enzymes speed
in the metabolic
up these reactions by
pathways
lowering
require enzymes
the activation
.
energy .
⑨ Activation minimum that
energy energy reacting particles
-
-
need to posses in order for a reaction to take place .
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